| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is the active cofactor. PLP functions as a coenzyme for >150 enzymes involved in transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, and beta/gamma-elimination. Involved in amino acid metabolism, glycogen breakdown (glycogen phosphorylase), neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA), hemoglobin synthesis, and sphingolipid metabolism.
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| ln Vitro |
Pyridoxal is phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) to PLP, the active cofactor for >150 enzymes. Essential for amino acid, neurotransmitter (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA), lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, and for nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Involved in hemoglobin synthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, and homocysteine regulation.
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| ln Vivo |
Vitamin B6 essential for normal physiology. Used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, and to reduce homocysteine levels. In animal models, modulates immune function and protects against oxidative stress. Absorbed from GI tract, converted to PLP in tissues. Deficiency causes anemia, neuropathy, seizures, and cardiovascular disease.
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| Enzyme Assay |
(1) Pyridoxal kinase assay: incubate recombinant human PDXK (0.1-1 ug) with pyridoxal (10-500 uM), ATP (5 mM), Zn2+ or Mg2+ in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5 at 37degC for 30 min. (2) Terminate with perchloric acid, neutralize, centrifuge. (3) Quantify PLP by HPLC-fluorescence (Ex 290, Em 400 nm) or LC-MS/MS.
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| Cell Assay |
(1) Seed hepatocytes or neuronal cells (5×10⁵ cells/well) in 6-well plates. (2) For PLP depletion: culture in pyridoxal-free medium for 24-48 h. (3) Add pyridoxal hydrochloride (0.1-100 uM) for 4-24 h. (4) Harvest, lyse with phosphatase inhibitors, measure PLP by HPLC or enzymatic assay (apo-apotryptophanase). (5) For enzyme activity: prepare lysates, incubate with pyridoxal (10-100 uM) and ATP, then add PLP-dependent enzyme substrates (e.g., L-tyrosine), measure product formation. (6) Cell viability: treat with pyridoxal 1-1000 uM for 24-72 h, MTT; non-toxic up to 500 uM.
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| Animal Protocol |
(1) For PK: use male SD rats (200-250 g) or C57BL/6 mice (20-25 g). (2) Administer pyridoxal hydrochloride by oral gavage (10-100 mg/kg) or IV (5-25 mg/kg) in sterile saline/PBS pH7.0-7.4. (3) Collect blood at 0,0.5,1,2,4,6,8,12,24 h, plasma deproteinized with 3 vol ice-cold acetonitrile containing IS (pyridoxal-d3). (4) Analyze pyridoxal and metabolites (PLP, 4-pyridoxic acid) by LC-MS/MS. (5) For deficiency: feed vitamin B6-deficient diet for 4-8 weeks, then administer pyridoxal (1-10 mg/kg/day), measure plasma PLP and homocysteine.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Highly soluble in water (≥100 mg/mL) and methanol. For cell culture, prepare 10-100 mM stock in sterile water, filter sterilize. For in vivo, dissolve in sterile saline or PBS at 10-50 mg/mL. Storage: powder at -20degC for 3 years, protect from light (use dark vials). pH of 1% solution ~3.0-3.5.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Pyridoxal is a form of vitamin B6, non-toxic at physiological levels. Tolerable upper intake level in adults 100 mg/day; >200 mg/day prolonged may cause sensory neuropathy. In vitro: CCK-8 on HEK293 cells with pyridoxal 1-10 mM, 48 h, IC50 >5 mM. In vivo: acute oral LD50 in rats >2000 mg/kg. High doses (>500 mg/kg) cause sedation, ataxia, respiratory depression. Chronic >200 mg/kg/day for >6 months causes peripheral neuropathy. GRAS as nutrient supplement at approved levels.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a hydrochloride salt prepared by reacting pyridoxal with an equimolar amount of hydrochloric acid. It is a metabolite of E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a cofactor, a human metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. It is a hydrochloride salt, a pyridinium salt, and vitamin B6. It contains the pyridoxal (1+) ion.
Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a major form of vitamin B6, precursor to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an essential coenzyme for >150 enzymes in amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, and neurotransmitter metabolism. Required for synthesis of serotonin (tryptophan), dopamine (tyrosine), and GABA (glutamate). Used to treat pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, vitamin B6 deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, and to lower homocysteine (cofactor for cystathionine beta-synthase). Not FDA-approved for all indications; widely available as dietary supplement. For research and nutritional use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H10CLNO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
203.62
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| Exact Mass |
203.034
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| CAS # |
65-22-5
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| PubChem CID |
6171
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
412.8ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
173 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
203.5ºC
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| LogP |
1.202
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
162
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1=NC=C(C(=C1O)C=O)CO.Cl
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| InChi Key |
FCHXJFJNDJXENQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H9NO3.ClH/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5;/h2,4,10,12H,3H2,1H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~62.5 mg/mL (~306.94 mM )
H2O :~33.33 mg/mL (~163.69 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.08 mg/mL (10.22 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.22 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.22 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (491.11 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.9111 mL | 24.5555 mL | 49.1111 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9822 mL | 4.9111 mL | 9.8222 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4911 mL | 2.4556 mL | 4.9111 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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