| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Intestinal disaccharidases (sucrase, maltase), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, and glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5). D-Tagatose inhibits intestinal disaccharidases, delays carbohydrate absorption, stimulates GLP-1 secretion, and is transported via GLUT5 but not SGLT1. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
D-Tagatose is only 20% absorbed in the small intestine and is fermented by colonic flora, stimulating probiotics. It reduces postprandial blood glucose by inhibiting disaccharidases and stimulates GLP-1 secretion, enhancing insulin secretion and suppressing appetite. It is phosphorylated to D-tagatose-1-phosphate by fructokinase in the liver, where it is metabolized more slowly than fructose.
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| ln Vivo |
In animal models and humans, D-Tagatose (5-30 g/day orally) reduces postprandial blood glucose and insulin in hyperglycemic and type 2 diabetic individuals without causing significant hypoglycemia. It alleviates obesity and reduces blood glucose, and is fermented by intestinal flora, promoting probiotics while inhibiting pathogens.
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| Enzyme Assay |
(1) Disaccharidase inhibition: Incubate rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles with D-Tagatose (0.1-100 mM) and sucrose/maltose at 37degC for 30 min. (2) Measure released glucose by GOD-POD assay at 505 nm. (3) GLUT5 transport: Use Caco-2 monolayers or everted rat intestinal sacs with 14C-labeled D-fructose or D-tagatose (0.1-50 mM), measure radioactivity uptake after 5-30 min.
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| Cell Assay |
(1) Seed Caco-2 cells on Transwell inserts, differentiate for 14-21 days. (2) Treat apical side with D-Tagatose (0.1-100 mM, 0-4 h), collect basolateral media. (3) Measure glucose transport (GOD-POD) and GLP-1 secretion (ELISA). (4) For colonic fermentation: inoculate human fecal samples with D-Tagatose (0.5-2% w/v), incubate anaerobically 24-48 h, measure SCFAs by GC-FID and bacterial populations by 16S rRNA sequencing.
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| Animal Protocol |
(1) Use 6-8 week old male diabetic rats or mice (STZ-induced). (2) Administer D-Tagatose by oral gavage (0.5-2 g/kg) or in diet (5-10% w/w) for 4-8 weeks. (3) Formulation: dissolve in sterile water or saline. (4) Measure blood glucose at 0,30,60,90,120 min post-dose (acute) or weekly (chronic). (5) Perform OGTT with glucose (2 g/kg) co-administered with D-Tagatose. (6) At endpoint, measure HbA1c, insulin (ELISA), lipid profile, cecal SCFAs, and intestinal histology.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Poorly absorbed (~20%); unabsorbed fraction reaches colon and is fermented. PK in rodents (1-2 g/kg PO): Cmax ~0.5-2 mM in plasma, Tmax 0.5-1.5 h, t1/2 1.5-3 h. Not significantly metabolized in small intestine, excreted primarily unchanged in feces, small fraction in urine.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Not genotoxic, embryotoxic, or teratogenic. In humans, safe up to 30 g/day. Common adverse effects at >30 g/day: flatulence, bloating, mild diarrhea due to osmotic effects and colonic fermentation. No significant organ toxicity or carcinogenicity in long-term studies. GRAS by FDA (2001) and EU.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
α-D-tagatopyranose is a D-tagatopyranose with an α configuration at the terminal carbon atom.
D-Tagatose is a low-calorie functional sweetener studied for type 2 diabetes and obesity management, and as a prebiotic. It is phosphorylated by fructokinase and enters glycolysis but with slow absorption. Previously developed as an antidiabetic drug candidate, now primarily used as a food ingredient. Not FDA-approved as a pharmaceutical drug; strictly for research and food applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.16
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| Exact Mass |
180.063
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| CAS # |
87-81-0
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| Related CAS # |
D-Tagatose-13C;478506-42-2;D-Tagatose-13C-1;478506-44-4
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| PubChem CID |
2724552
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
551.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
130-136ºC
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| Flash Point |
301.5±26.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.574
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| LogP |
-1.63
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
162
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@](O1)(CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
LKDRXBCSQODPBY-VANKVMQKSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-2-6(11)5(10)4(9)3(8)1-12-6/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~100 mg/mL (~555.06 mM )
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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