| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
The molecular targets of p-cresyl sulfate include JNK, p38 MAPK, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a uremic toxin, it induces oxidative stress and activates inflammatory signaling pathways. It contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular complications. The compound's effects are mediated through the activation of MAPK pathways and the induction of ROS production. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have shown that p-cresyl sulfate induces oxidative stress and activates inflammatory signaling pathways. It activates JNK and p38 MAPK, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The compound also induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro assays typically involve treatment of cultured cells, such as endothelial cells or renal cells, with p-cresyl sulfate and measuring its effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell viability.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, p-cresyl sulfate is a major uremic toxin that accumulates in patients with chronic kidney disease. Elevated levels are associated with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. The compound contributes to the progression of CKD and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is derived from the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the liver.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for p-cresyl sulfate typically involve studying its interaction with molecular targets such as JNK and p38 MAPK. Kinase activity assays can be performed to measure the activation of these signaling pathways. Additionally, assays may be performed to measure the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an indicator of oxidative stress.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for p-cresyl sulfate typically involve treatment of cultured cells with the compound to study its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation. Cells such as endothelial cells, renal cells, or vascular smooth muscle cells are treated with p-cresyl sulfate, and the production of ROS, activation of MAPK pathways, and expression of inflammatory cytokines are measured. Cell viability assays may also be performed to assess cytotoxicity.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Uremic toxins often accumulate in the blood due to overeating or poor kidney filtration. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products that are normally excreted through urine or feces. p-Cresyl sulfate has a molecular formula of C7H8O4S and a molecular weight of 188.20. The CAS number is 3233-58-7. The compound has a purity of 99.98%. It is a major uremic toxin derived from the metabolites of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the liver. The compound is intended for research use only. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Uremic toxins, such as p-cresol sulfate, can be actively transported to the kidneys via organic ion transporters, particularly OAT3. Elevated uremic toxin levels can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This appears to be mediated by the direct binding of uremic toxins to or inhibition of NADPH oxidases, particularly NOX4, which is abundant in the kidneys and heart (A7868). ROS can induce a variety of different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) involved in the silencing of the KLOTHO protein. KLOTHO has been shown to play an important role in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that in acute or chronic kidney disease, KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are decreased due to elevated local ROS levels (A7869). The toxicity profile of p-cresyl sulfate is associated with its role as a uremic toxin. Elevated levels in patients with chronic kidney disease are associated with adverse effects on various organs, including the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. The compound induces oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to the progression of CKD and associated complications. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
p-Cresol sulfate is an aryl sulfate with the structure p-cresol, in which the hydrogen atom on the phenolic hydroxyl group is replaced by a sulfonic acid group. It is both a human metabolite and a uremic toxin and a product of gut microbiota metabolism. Its function is related to p-cresol; it is the conjugate acid of p-cresol sulfate (1-). p-Cresol sulfate is a uremic toxin. Based on chemical and physical properties, uremic toxins can be divided into three main categories: 1) small molecule, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small molecule, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as phenols; 3) larger so-called medium molecules, such as β2-microglobulins. Long-term exposure to uremic toxins can lead to various diseases, including kidney damage, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. p-Cresol sulfate is a microbial metabolite present in urine, possibly derived from the secondary metabolism of p-cresol. Elevated levels of p-cresol sulfate appear to be found in the urine of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. p-Cresol sulfate is a major component of myelin basic protein-like material (MBPLM) in urine. p-Cresol sulfate is a small molecule that binds to proteins and has low dialysis clearance; it is generally considered a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins include several low-molecular-weight compounds such as indole sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanopropionic acid, and asymmetric dimethylarginine. p-Cresol sulfate is also associated with cardiovascular disease and oxidative damage. (A3297, A3298)
p-Cresyl sulfate (p-methyl sulfate; p-Tolyl sulfate) (CAS 3233-58-7) is a major uremic toxin derived from the metabolites of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the liver. It is present in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease. It targets JNK, p38 MAPK, and ROS. It has a molecular formula of C7H8O4S and a molecular weight of 188.20. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H8O4S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
188.20
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| Exact Mass |
188.014
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| CAS # |
3233-58-7
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| Related CAS # |
p-Cresyl sulfate potassium;91978-69-7
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| PubChem CID |
4615423
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
2.257
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
220
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1=CC=C(C=C1)OS(=O)(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
WGNAKZGUSRVWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H8O4S/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)11-12(8,9)10/h2-5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10)
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| Chemical Name |
(4-methylphenyl) hydrogen sulfate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~250 mg/mL (~1328.37 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.3135 mL | 26.5675 mL | 53.1350 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0627 mL | 5.3135 mL | 10.6270 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5313 mL | 2.6567 mL | 5.3135 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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