| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Safranal targets multiple pathways, including NMDA receptors (inhibiting glutamate toxicity), GABA-A receptors, inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. It also acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In both RAW264.7 cells and BMDMs, safranal (10–50 μM) reduces LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 levels in a dose-dependent manner for one hour[1]. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates RAW 264.7 cells, safranal (10–50 μM) suppresses mRNA expression and the generation of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α for one hour[1]. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, safranal (10, 50 μM) for 1 h suppresses the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and AP-1[1]. This is followed by stimulation with 1 μg/ml of LPS for 30 min.
In vitro, Safranal exhibits neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and amyloid-beta. It also protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduces oxidative stress markers in neuronal cell lines at concentrations of 10-100 microM. |
| ln Vivo |
Safranal (200–500 mg/kg; PO; for 7 days) results in a significantly low DAI score, a slight restoration of colon length, and a percentage of weight loss[1].
In vivo, Safranal (72.5-145 mg/kg in rats) potentiates antioxidant capacity and reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. |
| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cell antioxidant assay uses DPPH or ABTS radicals. Safranal is added to the radical solution, and the decrease in absorbance at 517 nm (DPPH) or 734 nm (ABTS) is measured. The IC₅0 for DPPH scavenging is typically in the low micromolar range. A cell-free enzyme inhibition assay can also be used with purified enzymes (e.g., MAO-B, AChE).
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Types: RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)
Tested Concentrations: 10, 50 μM Incubation Duration: For 1 h prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (1 µg/ml) Experimental Results: Dose-dependently diminished LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 levels in both RAW264.7 cells and BMDMs. Inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK pathway proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38. Inhibited NF-κB pathway proteins IKKα/β and IκBα and the degradation of IκBα. RT-PCR[1] Cell Types: RAW 264.7 cells Tested Concentrations: 10, 50 μM Incubation Duration: For 1 h followed by stimulation with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h Experimental Results: Inhibited cytokine IL-6 and TNF-α production and mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. For cell studies, Safranal is dissolved in DMSO or ethanol and diluted in culture medium (final DMSO <0.1%). Cells are pre-treated with Safranal (1-100 microM) for 1-2 hours before exposure to toxic insults (e.g., H2O2, glutamate, MPP+). Cell viability is measured by MTT, ROS levels by DCFH-DA, and apoptosis markers by Western blot. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Female balb/c (Bagg ALBino) mouse (18- 20 g) (DSS-induced colitis mice)[1]
Doses: 200, 500 mg/kg Route of Administration: PO; for 7 days Experimental Results: Caused a slight restoration of colon length and percentage of weight loss, and the DAI score is Dramatically low . In animal studies, Safranal is typically administered to rodents by intraperitoneal injection (20-100 mg/kg) or oral gavage (50-150 mg/kg). It is used in models of cerebral ischemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion), Alzheimer's disease, depression (forced swim test), and anxiety (elevated plus maze). |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
In rodents, Safranal is rapidly absorbed following oral or intraperitoneal administration. It is extensively metabolized in the liver and has a short elimination half-life (approximately 1-2 hours). It crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is essential for its neuroprotective effects. Its oral bioavailability is moderate (~20-40%).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Safranal has a favorable safety profile, with an LD₅0 of approximately 1.5-2.0 g/kg in rodents. At high near-lethal doses, it may cause mild sedation and respiratory depression. No significant organ toxicity has been reported at therapeutic doses (20-100 mg/kg).
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Saffron aldehyde is a monoterpenoid compound whose structure is derived from the dehydrogenation of β-cyclocitral. Functionally, it is related to β-cyclocitral. Saffron aldehyde has been reported to exist in tea (Camellia sinensis), erythrorhizon (Eryngium foetidum), and other organisms with relevant data.
Safranal has been investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder, showing promising efficacy and good tolerability compared to placebo or standard treatments (e.g., donepezil, fluoxetine). Saffron extract standardized to safranal content is available as a dietary supplement. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H14O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
150.22
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| Exact Mass |
150.104
|
| CAS # |
116-26-7
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| PubChem CID |
61041
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow liquid
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| Density |
0.975 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
217.3ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
< 25 °C
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| Flash Point |
80.4ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.134mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
n20/D 1.523(lit.)
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| LogP |
2.487
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
231
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC1=C(C(CC=C1)(C)C)C=O
|
| InChi Key |
SGAWOGXMMPSZPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H14O/c1-8-5-4-6-10(2,3)9(8)7-11/h4-5,7H,6H2,1-3H3
|
| Chemical Name |
2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carbaldehyde
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
Ethanol :~100 mg/mL (~665.69 mM)
DMSO :~100 mg/mL (~665.69 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 5: 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 6: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.6569 mL | 33.2845 mL | 66.5690 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3314 mL | 6.6569 mL | 13.3138 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6657 mL | 3.3285 mL | 6.6569 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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