| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10g |
|
||
| 25g |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
1,4-D-Gulonolactone primarily targets L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, serving as its natural substrate. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of this compound to L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). In animals capable of synthesizing vitamin C, the enzyme converts 1,4-D-gulonolactone to 2-keto-L-gulonolactone, which then spontaneously converts to L-ascorbic acid. In humans, the absence of this enzyme makes the compound a substrate marker rather than a drug target. The compound also interacts with various redox-sensitive pathways as a marker of oxidative stress.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is used to study the vitamin C biosynthesis pathway in plants and animals that are capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid. In cell-free assays, it serves as a substrate for purified L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, allowing measurement of enzyme activity. The production of ascorbic acid can be quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection or by colorimetric assays such as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) method. The compound has also been used as a standard in oxidative stress assays to evaluate the impact of various stressors on the vitamin C biosynthetic pathway in cells or tissues that can synthesize ascorbic acid.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and is used as a biomarker to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress. In animals capable of vitamin C synthesis (e.g., rats, mice), administration of 1,4-D-gulonolactone leads to increased production of ascorbic acid, demonstrating its role as a biosynthetic precursor. In humans, since the final enzyme is missing, exogenously administered 1,4-D-gulonolactone is not efficiently converted to vitamin C. However, blood levels of this compound can serve as a marker of metabolic status and oxidative burden. The compound also participates in other metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays (enzyme activity measurement), L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase is purified from rat liver or expressed recombinantly. The assay mixture (1 mL) contains 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 0.5 mM NAD+, and 5 mM 1,4-D-Gulonolactone. The reaction is initiated by adding enzyme (10 ug), incubated at 37degC for 30 minutes, and the production of NADH is monitored at 340 nm. Alternatively, ascorbic acid production is measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection or by colorimetric assay. For non-cellular oxidative stress assays, the compound can be used as a standard for LC-MS/MS or NMR analysis.
|
| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, primary hepatocytes from rats (vitamin C-synthesizing animals) or other ascorbate-producing cells are cultured in Williams‘ Medium E with 10% FBS. Cells are seeded in 6-well plates (1×10⁶ cells/well) and treated with 1,4-D-Gulonolactone (0.1-10 mM) for 24-48 hours. Ascorbic acid levels in cell lysates and medium are measured by HPLC-ECD. For oxidative stress studies, cells are exposed to hydrogen peroxide (100-500 uM) with or without 1,4-D-Gulonolactone pre-treatment. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are measured using DCFH-DA (10 uM, 30 min) fluorescence.
|
| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, rodents (rats or mice) are used. Rats are administered 1,4-D-Gulonolactone intraperitoneally at doses of 100-500 mg/kg. Blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney, adrenal glands) are collected at various time points for ascorbic acid measurement by HPLC-ECD. For exercise-induced oxidative stress studies, human volunteers or animals undergo controlled exercise protocols. Blood samples are collected before and after exercise, and 1,4-D-Gulonolactone levels are measured by LC-MS/MS. Urine samples can also be collected. The compound is used as a marker to compare changes in oxidative stress levels. The absence of the converting enzyme in humans makes this compound a stable marker rather than an effective precursor.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
1,4-D-Gulonolactone has a molecular weight of 178.14 and a density of 1.766 g/cm3. The compound is a white solid powder, soluble in DMSO (45 mg/mL) and water. It should be stored as a powder at -20degC for up to 3 years. In solution, it is stable at -80degC for up to 1 year and at -20degC for up to 1 month. The lactone ring structure can undergo hydrolysis under basic conditions; therefore, solutions should be prepared in neutral or slightly acidic buffers. The compound is a key intermediate in the uronic acid pathway of glucose metabolism.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
1,4-D-Gulonolactone is an endogenous metabolite with low toxicity. In animals, doses up to 500 mg/kg are well-tolerated without significant adverse effects. In humans, it is present naturally in blood and poses no toxicity risk at physiological concentrations. As a research compound, standard laboratory safety precautions for handling organic chemicals should be followed, including the use of PPE and working in a well-ventilated area. No acute or chronic toxicity has been reported for this compound at typical research concentrations.
|
| Additional Infomation |
D-(-)-Gurono-γ-lactone is a γ-lactone.
1,4-D-Gulonolactone is a research compound and endogenous metabolite, not an approved drug. It has not undergone clinical trials for therapeutic use. Its primary applications are in oxidative stress research as a biomarker, in vitamin C biosynthesis studies, and as a reference standard for analytical chemistry. In nutritional research, it is used to study ascorbic acid metabolism in animals. The compound is also used in metabolic studies to investigate the uronic acid pathway and carbohydrate metabolism. It is available for research use only and is classified as an endogenous metabolite. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H10O6
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
178.14
|
| Exact Mass |
178.047
|
| CAS # |
6322-07-2
|
| PubChem CID |
165105
|
| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
467.9±18.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
182-188ºC
|
| Flash Point |
201.5±14.7 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.6 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.625
|
| LogP |
-3.15
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
12
|
| Complexity |
181
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
SXZYCXMUPBBULW-LECHCGJUSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H10O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2-5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,3+,4-,5+/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(3R,4S,5S)-5-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-one
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (1403.39 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (280.68 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6136 mL | 28.0678 mL | 56.1356 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1227 mL | 5.6136 mL | 11.2271 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5614 mL | 2.8068 mL | 5.6136 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
