| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
Mucic acid (galactarate) acts as a substrate for the enzyme galactarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and is involved in carbohydrate metabolic pathways. It is also an inhibitor of D-glucarate dehydratase. In bone-related studies, mucic acid stimulates Runx2 mRNA expression, a key transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation, suggesting a role in bone formation. It increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and mineralization in mesenchymal stem cells when used in combination with gelatin on 3D scaffolds at concentrations of 10-20 uM. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, mucic acid (galactaric acid) is a substrate for galactarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase in plant metabolic studies. It is used to study galactose metabolism pathways in bacteria, fungi, and plants. In mammalian cell culture, mucic acid has been shown to stimulate Runx2 mRNA expression. At concentrations of 10-20 uM, it increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and mineralization in C3H/10T1/2 cells when used in combination with gelatin as a scaffold coating. These properties make mucic acid a potential biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications. Mucic acid also serves as a building block for polymer synthesis.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, mucic acid has been studied primarily as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. When implanted as part of scaffolds in animal bone defect models, mucic acid-containing constructs promote bone regeneration due to its ability to stimulate Runx2 expression and osteoblast differentiation. The compound is an endogenous metabolite and is generally considered non-toxic. No significant pharmacological activity as a drug has been reported for mucic acid; its role is primarily in material science and metabolic research. No therapeutic indications have been established.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays (enzyme activity), galactarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity can be measured by incubating purified enzyme (10 ug) with mucic acid (1-10 mM) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA (0.5 mM) for 30 minutes at 30degC. The product, hydroxycinnamoyl-galactarate, is quantified by HPLC or LC-MS. For inhibition studies of D-glucarate dehydratase, the enzyme is incubated with D-glucarate (10 mM) and mucic acid (0.1-10 mM) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) at 37degC for 30 minutes. Product formation is monitored by absorbance at 240 nm.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, mesenchymal stem cells (e.g., C3H/10T1/2 cells) are seeded in 24-well plates (5×10⁴ cells/well) in alpha-MEM with 10% FBS. After 24 hours, cells are treated with mucic acid (10-20 uM) in combination with gelatin coating for 7-14 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is measured using a colorimetric assay kit (p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate, absorbance at 405 nm). Mineralization is assessed by Alizarin Red S staining. Runx2 mRNA expression is quantified by qPCR. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. For osteogenic differentiation studies, cells are cultured in osteogenic medium (with beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid) for up to 21 days.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, bone defect models in rats or rabbits are used. A critical-sized calvarial or femoral defect is created. Scaffolds (e.g., poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds) coated with gelatin and mucic acid (10-20 uM) are implanted into the defect site. Animals are sacrificed at 4-8 weeks post-implantation. Bone regeneration is assessed by micro-CT (bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness) and histology (H&E staining, Masson‘s trichrome staining). Runx2 and osteocalcin expression in regenerated bone is analyzed by immunohistochemistry. No systemic administration of mucic acid is involved in these studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Mucic acid has a molecular weight of 210.14 and is soluble in water (25 mg/mL in DMSO). It is a white to off-white solid powder with multiple chiral centers, existing in the meso (D-galactaric acid) form. The compound is stable under normal storage conditions and should be stored as a powder at -20degC or at room temperature in a sealed, dry container. In solution, it is stable at -20degC for 3-6 months. Mucic acid has four hydroxyl groups, making it a highly hydrophilic compound. It forms hydrogen bonds and can be used as a crosslinking agent in polymer chemistry.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Mucic acid has low acute toxicity. As an endogenous metabolite produced naturally in the body, it is generally recognized as safe at physiological concentrations. In animal studies, mucic acid is well-tolerated when used as part of implantable scaffolds, with no evidence of local or systemic toxicity. No significant adverse effects have been reported. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling organic acids should be followed. The compound is not a hazardous substance under normal laboratory handling conditions.
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| Additional Infomation |
Galactaric acid is hexanoic acid, formed from the oxidation and ring-opening reaction of galactose, and is a metabolic product of the human body. It is the conjugate acid of galactate (1-) and the Galactaric acid anion. Galactaric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be found in Lotus burttii, Lotus tenuis, and other organisms with relevant data.
Mucic acid is a research compound and biomaterial component, not an approved drug. No clinical trials for therapeutic use have been conducted with mucic acid alone. Its primary applications are in metabolic research (studying galactose oxidation pathways) and in bone tissue engineering as an osteoinductive scaffold component that stimulates Runx2 expression and mineralization. It is also used as a building block for biodegradable polymers and as an analytical reference standard. Mucic acid is classified as an endogenous metabolite and is available for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H10O8
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
210.14
|
| Exact Mass |
210.037
|
| CAS # |
526-99-8
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| PubChem CID |
3037582
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.9±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
766.4±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
220 - 225 °C
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| Flash Point |
431.2±29.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±5.9 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.638
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| LogP |
-1.46
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
14
|
| Complexity |
202
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O)O)O)([C@@H](C(=O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-DUHBMQHGSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H10O8/c7-1(3(9)5(11)12)2(8)4(10)6(13)14/h1-4,7-10H,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)/t1-,2+,3+,4-
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 25 mg/mL (118.97 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.7587 mL | 23.7937 mL | 47.5873 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9517 mL | 4.7587 mL | 9.5175 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4759 mL | 2.3794 mL | 4.7587 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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