| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Targets |
The D-enantiomer of lactic acid is a substrate for the enzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of D-lactate to pyruvate with NAD+ as a cofactor. This enzyme is present in certain bacteria and in mitochondrial fractions of animals, though the L-isomer is the primary substrate in mammalian metabolism. D-Lactic acid can be metabolized to pyruvate, which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for energy production. The compound is also used as a pH regulator and an alkalinizing agent: upon metabolism, D-lactate is converted to bicarbonate, increasing plasma bicarbonate and facilitating the removal of hydrogen ions, leading to increased blood pH. D-Lactic acid is also used as a carbon source for bacterial growth in microbiological studies.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is used as a substrate for D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity assays. At concentrations of 1-20 mM, it is incubated with purified D-LDH and NAD+ in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and the production of NADH is monitored at 340 nm. The compound is also used in glycolysis-related studies: D-lactate can be metabolized to pyruvate, which is then converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the TCA cycle. In bacterial cell cultures, D-lactate is used as a carbon source for the growth of certain lactobacilli and other lactic acid bacteria. In cell-based models of D-lactic acidosis, cells are treated with D-lactate (1-50 mM) to study its effects on cellular metabolism, pH regulation, and viability. The compound is also used as a standard for LC-MS analysis to quantify D-lactate in biological samples.
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| ln Vivo |
D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is an endogenous metabolite found in humans as a product of gut bacterial fermentation. In healthy individuals, D-lactate levels are low (typically <0.2 mM), but they can increase in conditions such as short bowel syndrome (D-lactic acidosis), where excessive carbohydrate fermentation leads to elevated D-lactate levels, causing neurological symptoms (e.g., ataxia, confusion, metabolic acidosis). D-Lactic acid sodium has alkalinizing and electrolyte replenishing properties; upon intravenous administration, it is metabolized to bicarbonate, increasing plasma bicarbonate, which facilitates removal of hydrogen ions from the bloodstream and leads to raised blood pH. It is used as an electrolyte replenisher and alkalinizing agent in some clinical settings (similar to sodium L-lactate). In animal models, D-lactate infusion can be used to study D-lactic acidosis and its metabolic consequences. However, in most mammals, D-lactate is metabolized more slowly than L-lactate.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays (enzyme activity), D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) activity is measured using D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium as substrate. The assay mixture (1 mL) contains 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 2 mM NAD+, 10 mM D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium, and 10 ug purified D-LDH. The reaction is initiated by adding D-LDH, and the increase in absorbance at 340 nm (due to NADH production) is monitored for 5-10 minutes at 37degC. For analytical quantification, D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is prepared as a stock solution in water (1 mg/mL). For LC-MS/MS analysis, a calibration curve for D-lactate is prepared in human plasma or urine (0.1-1000 ug/mL) using a chiral column (e.g., Chirobiotic T or a chiral C18 column) to separate D- and L-enantiomers. MRM transitions: lactate 89→43 (loss of COO-) and 89→45. For enantiomer separation, samples are derivatized with chiral derivatizing agents. For GC-MS analysis, samples are derivatized with BSTFA to form TMS derivatives.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, hepatocytes (e.g., HepG2 cells), neurons, or intestinal epithelial cells are seeded in 6-well plates (1×10⁶ cells/well) in DMEM with 10% FBS. Cells are treated with D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (1-50 mM) for 6-24 hours. Cellular pH is measured using a pH-sensitive dye (e.g., BCECF-AM). Lactate levels in culture medium are measured by enzymatic assay or by LC-MS using a chiral column. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. For D-lactate dehydrogenase activity assays, cell lysates are prepared in lysis buffer, and D-LDH activity is measured as described above. For studies of D-lactic acidosis, cells are exposed to high concentrations of D-lactate (20-50 mM) to mimic the metabolic acidosis observed in short bowel syndrome. For bacterial growth studies, lactic acid bacteria (e.g., L. acidophilus) are cultured in MRS broth containing D-lactate (5-20 mM) as a carbon source, and bacterial growth is monitored by OD600.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, rodent models are used to study D-lactic acidosis. Rats are administered D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (10-100 mg/kg, IV or IP) or induced to develop D-lactic acidosis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or by administering a high-carbohydrate diet to short-bowel syndrome models. Blood samples are collected at multiple time points for measurement of blood pH, bicarbonate, lactate levels (by enzymatic assay or LC-MS), and electrolytes. Neurological symptoms (ataxia, confusion) are assessed by behavioral tests (e.g., open field, rotarod). In D-lactic acidosis model, elevated D-lactate levels (>3 mM) are associated with neurological deficits. For pharmacokinetic studies, D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is administered intravenously (10-100 mg/kg), and blood D-lactate levels are measured over time. For metabolic studies, animals are fed a high-carbohydrate diet, and D-lactate production by gut bacteria is measured in cecal contents. For electrolyte replenishment studies, animals with metabolic acidosis are treated with D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (by IV infusion), and blood pH and bicarbonate levels are monitored.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium has a molecular weight of 112.06 and is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 256-258degC (dec.). It is highly soluble in water (approximately 500 mg/mL) and slightly soluble in ethanol. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution is approximately 7.0-8.0. The compound is the sodium salt of D-lactic acid (the D-enantiomer, (R)-2-hydroxypropionic acid). It should be stored as a powder at -20degC for up to 3 years, and in aqueous solution at -80degC for up to 6 months or at -20degC for up to 1 month. Solutions are stable at neutral pH but may degrade under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions. The compound is hygroscopic and should be stored in a tightly sealed container. D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is the enantiomer of the more common L-(+)-lactic acid, which is the isoform found in human metabolism. In healthy humans, D-lactate levels are very low (typically <0.1 mM).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium has low acute toxicity. The oral LD₅0 in rats is >2,000 mg/kg. At typical research doses (10-100 mg/kg IV or IP), the compound is well-tolerated. At high concentrations (≥50 mM in vitro, ≥100 mg/kg IV in animals), it may cause metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of D-lactate. In humans, elevated D-lactate levels (>3 mM) in short bowel syndrome can cause D-lactic acidosis, characterized by metabolic acidosis and neurological symptoms (e.g., ataxia, confusion, slurred speech). However, at tracer doses, the compound is safe. Standard laboratory safety precautions for handling organic acids and sodium salts should be followed. The compound is non-radioactive and safe for research use.
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| Additional Infomation |
Sodium lactate (D-) is the sodium salt of the dextrorotatory isomer of lactate and has alkalizing and electrolyte-replenishing functions. After metabolism, sodium lactate (D-) is converted into bicarbonate, thereby increasing plasma bicarbonate concentration, promoting the clearance of hydrogen ions and lactate from the blood, and ultimately leading to an increase in blood pH.
D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is a research compound and endogenous metabolite, not an approved drug in the United States for therapeutic use as a single entity, although sodium lactate (a mixture of D- and L-isomers) is used clinically as an electrolyte replenisher and alkalinizing agent in intravenous fluids (e.g., lactated Ringer‘s solution). The D-isomer is less commonly used in clinical settings because it is less readily metabolized in humans compared to the L-isomer. D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium is used as a research tool to study D-lactate metabolism, D-lactic acidosis, the role of gut bacteria in lactate production, and as a standard for enantiomeric analysis of lactate in biological samples. It is also used in studies of bacterial fermentation, metabolic acidosis, and as a substrate for D-lactate dehydrogenase. The compound is available for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C3H5NAO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
112.06
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| Exact Mass |
112.014
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| CAS # |
920-49-0
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| PubChem CID |
23666457
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
0.883 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
231.2ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
93.6ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
63.2
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C[C@H](C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
NGSFWBMYFKHRBD-HSHFZTNMSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C3H6O3.Na/c1-2(4)3(5)6;/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6);/q;+1/p-1/t2-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;(2R)-2-hydroxypropanoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 250 mg/mL (2230.95 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (446.19 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.9238 mL | 44.6190 mL | 89.2379 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7848 mL | 8.9238 mL | 17.8476 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8924 mL | 4.4619 mL | 8.9238 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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