| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
Glucuronolactone is involved in the glucuronidation pathway, which is a major detoxification pathway in the body. Glucuronidation is the process by which glucuronic acid is conjugated to drugs, toxins, and other xenobiotics to increase their water solubility and facilitate their excretion. Glucuronolactone is converted to glucuronic acid, which then serves as a substrate for UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). These enzymes catalyze the transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to substrate molecules. By supporting the glucuronidation pathway, glucuronolactone helps the body eliminate drugs, toxins, and other potentially harmful substances. Glucuronolactone is also a normal constituent of the connective tissue of the human body, suggesting it may play a role in maintaining connective tissue health. As a dietary supplement, glucuronolactone is used to support liver function and detoxification. However, specific molecular targets have not been extensively characterized. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, glucuronolactone is used in studies of glucuronidation and detoxification pathways. The compound is converted to glucuronic acid, which then serves as a substrate for UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). In biochemical assays, glucuronolactone is used to study the activity of UGTs and the glucuronidation of various substrates. The compound is also used in cell culture studies to investigate the effects of glucuronidation on drug metabolism and toxicity. In cell-based assays, glucuronolactone is added to cell culture media to study its effects on cellular detoxification pathways. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with glucuronolactone at various concentrations for varying periods. Following treatment, the activity of UGTs and the glucuronidation of substrates are measured. Glucuronolactone is also used in studies of connective tissue metabolism. However, detailed in vitro activity data are limited.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance produced by the body as a byproduct of glucose metabolism. It is a normal constituent of the connective tissue of the human body. Glucuronolactone is used as a dietary supplement and is found in energy drinks. It is involved in the detoxification of drugs and toxins and is used as a health supplement to support liver function. In animal models, glucuronolactone has been studied for its effects on detoxification and liver function. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. The compound is classified as a dietary supplement and is generally recognized as safe. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's physiological role and therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for glucuronolactone typically involve the use of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). The enzyme is incubated with glucuronolactone and a substrate, and the glucuronidation of the substrate is measured. The reaction is monitored by HPLC, mass spectrometry, or spectrophotometry to quantify the formation of glucuronidated products. For kinetic characterization, assays are performed at various substrate concentrations, and kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) are determined. Inhibition studies are conducted by pre-incubating the enzyme with potential inhibitors before adding the substrates. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 37°C in appropriate buffer systems (e.g., Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), with reaction termination by addition of acid or organic solvent. The use of high-purity glucuronolactone ensures accurate quantification in these assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for glucuronolactone are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on detoxification pathways. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with glucuronolactone at various concentrations for varying periods. Following treatment, cells are harvested, and the activity of UGTs and the glucuronidation of substrates are measured. In studies of drug metabolism, cells are treated with glucuronolactone and a drug, and the glucuronidation of the drug is measured. Cell viability is routinely monitored to ensure that observed effects are not due to cytotoxicity. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with glucuronolactone are conducted in mouse or rat models of liver function or detoxification. Typically, rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. In models of liver function, glucuronolactone is administered to assess its effects on liver enzyme levels and detoxification capacity. Blood samples are collected to measure liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP) and other biomarkers. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues (liver) are collected for histopathological examination. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. Endpoints include liver enzyme levels, detoxification capacity, and histopathological scores.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of glucuronolactone are characteristic of a small, polar molecule. With a molecular weight of 176.12 g/mol, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues and converted to glucuronic acid. Glucuronic acid is then used in the glucuronidation pathway. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of glucuronolactone may be influenced by factors such as renal function and metabolic rate. As a dietary supplement, glucuronolactone is generally recognized as safe.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of glucuronolactone is generally favorable, as the compound is a naturally occurring substance produced by the body and is a normal constituent of the connective tissue. Glucuronolactone is used as a dietary supplement and is found in energy drinks, indicating a reasonable safety profile. However, high doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have been conducted for its use as a dietary supplement. The compound is generally recognized as safe at recommended doses. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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| Additional Infomation |
D-Glucuronic acid lactone (glucuronolactone) is a naturally occurring substance produced by the body as a byproduct of glucose metabolism. It is a normal constituent of the connective tissue of the human body. Glucuronolactone is a lactone form of glucuronic acid and is involved in the glucuronidation pathway, which is a major detoxification pathway in the body. The compound has the molecular formula C₆H₈O₆ and a molecular weight of 176.12 g/mol. Glucuronolactone is used as a dietary supplement and is found in energy drinks. It is also known as D-glucurono-6,3-lactone, D-glucurono-γ-lactone, D-glucuronolactone, Dicurone, Glucoxy, Glucurolactone, and Glucurone. Glucuronolactone is involved in the detoxification of drugs and toxins and is used as a health supplement to support liver function. The compound is generally recognized as safe and is approved for use as a dietary supplement.
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| Molecular Formula |
C6H8O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
176.12
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| Exact Mass |
176.032
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| CAS # |
32449-92-6
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| PubChem CID |
2724333
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
403.5±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
172-175 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
174.9±17.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.597
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| LogP |
-1.77
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
216
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
|
| SMILES |
[C@H]1([C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O2)O)O[C@H]1O)O
|
| InChi Key |
OGLCQHRZUSEXNB-WHDMSYDLSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-3-4(12-5(1)9)2(8)6(10)11-3/h1-5,7-9H/t1-,2-,3-,4-,5-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-2,3,6-trihydroxy-3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3,2-b]furan-5-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (567.79 mM)
H2O: 50 mg/mL (283.90 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6779 mL | 28.3897 mL | 56.7795 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1356 mL | 5.6779 mL | 11.3559 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5678 mL | 2.8390 mL | 5.6779 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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