| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
D-Valine targets multiple enzymes and transporters. It demonstrates potency of 19952.6 nM in a Modulators of Lamin A Splicing assay and 2511.9 nM in an assay for blocking the interaction between CBF-beta and RUNX1, relevant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia treatment. D-Valine inhibits human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in Caco2 cells with a Ki value of 100,000,000 nM and a pKi value of -2.0 mM. It inhibits L-[3H]-gabapentin uptake via human LAT1 in TREx HEK293 cells by 11.0% at 200 µM, and induces efflux of [3H]-gabapentin with 41.0% activity at the same concentration. The compound exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, inhibiting virus-induced cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells at 10 µM concentration after 48 hours by 0.22%, and showing 16.0% inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease at 20 µM. It also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity in VERO-6 cells at 10 µM concentration after 48 hours, with IC50 values exceeding 20000.0 nM and 19952.62 nM. D-Valine displays inhibition activity in enzymatic assays of human HDAC6, with a -33.4% inhibition using a commercial peptide substrate and 1.7% inhibition with a custom peptide substrate. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, D-Valine is a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation. It inhibits cells that lack the enzyme D-amino acid oxidase. Studies have shown that D-valine can inhibit the growth of fibroblasts while allowing the selective growth of epithelial cells. D-Valine is used in cell culture as a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation. It has been used as a supplement in DMEM/F-12 medium for mice renal proximal tubule cell (RPTC) culture. D-Valine shows bioactivity across multiple assays and targets. It demonstrates potency in Lamin A Splicing and CBF-beta/RUNX1 interaction assays. The compound inhibits PAT1-mediated proline uptake and LAT1-mediated gabapentin uptake. D-Valine exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. It also inhibits HDAC6. In cell-based assays, D-Valine is tested for its effects on cell proliferation, enzyme activity, and antiviral activity. Each experiment includes appropriate controls and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, D-Valine is the D-enantiomer of the essential amino acid L-valine. D-Valine is used in cell culture as a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile. D-Valine plays a significant role in biochemical reactions and interacts with various enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for D-Valine typically involve the use of D-amino acid oxidase, HDAC6, or other enzymes. For D-amino acid oxidase assays, the enzyme is incubated with D-Valine, and the formation of hydrogen peroxide or the deaminated product is measured. For HDAC6 inhibition assays, D-Valine is incubated with HDAC6 and a peptide substrate, and the deacetylase activity is measured fluorometrically. For PAT1 and LAT1 inhibition assays, cells expressing the transporters are incubated with D-Valine and radiolabeled substrates, and the uptake of substrates is measured. For antiviral assays, D-Valine is tested for its ability to inhibit viral protease activity or virus-induced cytotoxicity. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for D-Valine are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on cell proliferation and enzyme activity. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with D-Valine at various concentrations (typically 1-1000 µM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. For studies of cell proliferation, cells are counted or proliferation markers are measured. For studies of enzyme activity, cells are harvested, and enzyme activity is measured using appropriate assays. For antiviral studies, cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the presence or absence of D-Valine, and viral titers or cytotoxicity are measured. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in DMSO or water for use in these assays, depending on its solubility.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with D-Valine are limited. D-Valine is the D-enantiomer of the essential amino acid L-valine. Studies could be conducted to investigate the effects of D-Valine on cell proliferation, enzyme activity, and disease models. In these studies, the compound would be administered via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection, and metabolic parameters would be measured. All animal procedures would be conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines. However, specific protocols have not been extensively reported.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of D-Valine are characteristic of a small, polar amino acid. With a molecular weight of 117.15 g/mol and moderate polarity, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues and metabolized through amino acid metabolic pathways, including oxidation by D-amino acid oxidase. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of D-Valine may be influenced by factors such as renal function and the activity of D-amino acid oxidase. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of D-Valine has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As a D-amino acid, the compound is expected to be relatively non-toxic at low concentrations. In cell-based assays, D-Valine has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and enzyme activity without significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
D-valine is the D-enantiomer of valine. It is a valine and also a D-α-amino acid. It is the conjugate base of D-valine. It is the conjugate acid of D-valine. It is the enantiomer of L-valine. It is the zwitterion tautomer of D-valine.
D-Valine is a valuable research tool for studying cell proliferation, enzyme inhibition, and amino acid metabolism. It is the D-enantiomer of the essential amino acid L-valine. D-Valine has the molecular formula C₅H₁₁NO₂ and a molecular weight of 117.15 g/mol. D-Valine is a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation. It inhibits cells that lack the enzyme D-amino acid oxidase. Studies have shown that D-valine can inhibit the growth of fibroblasts while allowing the selective growth of epithelial cells. D-Valine is used in cell culture as a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation. It shows bioactivity across multiple assays and targets, including Lamin A Splicing, CBF-beta/RUNX1 interaction, PAT1, LAT1, HDAC6, and SARS-CoV-2. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a selective inhibitor of cell proliferation makes it a useful tool for cell culture and biomedical research. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H11NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
117.15
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| Exact Mass |
117.078
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| CAS # |
640-68-6
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| Related CAS # |
L-Valine;72-18-4;D-Valine-d8;1116448-82-8
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| PubChem CID |
71563
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
213.6±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
>295 °C (subl.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
83.0±22.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.461
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| LogP |
0.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
90.4
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC(C)[C@H](C(=O)O)N
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| InChi Key |
KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-SCSAIBSYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 14.29 mg/mL (121.98 mM)
DMSO: < 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (853.61 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.5361 mL | 42.6803 mL | 85.3606 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7072 mL | 8.5361 mL | 17.0721 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8536 mL | 4.2680 mL | 8.5361 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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