| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
D-Proline (R-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) targets multiple enzymes and transporters. It shows an inhibitory effect on the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1 with a 4.0% inhibition of [3H]strychnine binding. It inhibits Bacillus subtilis Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) with a potency of 44,668.4 nM in the confirmatory qHTS assay. D-Proline inhibits human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in human Caco2 cells, exhibiting a Ki value of 1,200,000 nM and a pKi value of -0.15 mM. The compound exhibits antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting biofilm formation by more than 70.0% at a concentration of 500 µM. D-Proline inhibits the enzyme racemase, which converts L-proline to D-proline. Racemase inhibition leads to an accumulation of L-proline, which may reduce disease activity in some cases. As a D-amino acid, it may interact with D-amino acid oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids. |
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, D-Proline has demonstrated a range of biological activities. It shows an inhibitory effect on the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1 with a 4.0% inhibition of [3H]strychnine binding. It inhibits Bacillus subtilis Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) with a potency of 44,668.4 nM. D-Proline inhibits human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in human Caco2 cells, exhibiting a Ki value of 1,200,000 nM. The compound exhibits antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting biofilm formation by more than 70.0% at a concentration of 500 µM. D-Proline has been used as a substrate for enzyme activity assays, as a model compound for studying protein-ligand interactions, and as a model compound for studying enzyme kinetics. In cell-based assays, D-Proline is tested for its effects on cell proliferation, biofilm formation, and enzyme activity. Each experiment includes appropriate controls and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, D-Proline is found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva, potentially originating from bacterial sources or endogenous production via amino acid racemase activity. D-Proline inhibits the enzyme racemase, which converts L-proline to D-proline. Racemase inhibition leads to an accumulation of L-proline, which may reduce disease activity in some cases. D-Proline can be converted into 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid through the action of the enzyme D-amino-acid oxidase. In yeast, D-proline is involved in the metabolic pathway called the arginine and proline metabolism pathway. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for D-Proline typically involve the use of racemase, D-amino acid oxidase, or other enzymes. For racemase inhibition assays, the enzyme is incubated with D-Proline and L-proline, and the conversion of L-proline to D-proline is measured. For D-amino acid oxidase assays, the enzyme is incubated with D-Proline, and the formation of hydrogen peroxide or the deaminated product is measured. For PPTase inhibition assays, the enzyme is incubated with D-Proline and a substrate, and the transfer of the phosphopantetheinyl group is measured. For PAT1 inhibition assays, cells expressing PAT1 are incubated with D-Proline and radiolabeled proline, and the uptake of proline is measured. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems, with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for D-Proline are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on cell function. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with D-Proline at various concentrations (typically 1-1000 µM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. For studies of biofilm formation, bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) are cultured in the presence of D-Proline, and biofilm formation is assessed by crystal violet staining. For studies of enzyme activity, cells are harvested, and enzyme activity is measured using appropriate assays. For studies of amino acid transport, cells expressing proline transporters are treated with D-Proline, and the uptake of radiolabeled proline is measured. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in water or buffer for use in these assays, due to its high solubility in H₂O.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with D-Proline are limited. D-Proline is found in human plasma and saliva. Studies could be conducted to investigate the effects of D-Proline on proline metabolism, enzyme activity, and disease models. In these studies, the compound would be administered via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection, and metabolic parameters would be measured. All animal procedures would be conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines. However, specific protocols have not been extensively reported.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of D-Proline are characteristic of a small, polar amino acid. With a molecular weight of 115.13 g/mol and high water solubility, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. Following absorption, the compound is distributed to tissues and metabolized through amino acid metabolic pathways, including oxidation by D-amino acid oxidase. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of D-Proline may be influenced by factors such as renal function and the activity of D-amino acid oxidase. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of D-Proline has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As a D-amino acid that is found naturally in human plasma and saliva, the compound is expected to be relatively non-toxic at physiological concentrations. In cell-based assays, D-Proline has been shown to inhibit biofilm formation and enzyme activity without significant cytotoxicity at low concentrations. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
D-proline is the D-enantiomer of proline. It plays a metabolic role in mice. It is a D-α-amino acid and also a type of proline. It is the conjugate base of D-proline ononium. It is the conjugate acid of D-proline acid. It is the enantiomer of L-proline. It is the zwitterion tautomer of D-proline. D-proline is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-proline. D-amino acids are relatively abundant in human plasma and saliva. These amino acids may originate from bacteria, but there is also evidence that they can be endogenously produced through the activity of amino acid racemic enzymes. D-proline has been reported in snapdragons, humans, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Proline (note moved here). Pharmacodynamics: L-proline is a major amino acid in cartilage and is essential for maintaining youthful skin and repairing muscle, connective tissue, and skin damage. It is also essential for the immune system and maintaining necessary homeostasis in the body. It is an important component of collagen and is essential for the normal function of joints and tendons. L-proline is extremely important for the normal function of joints and tendons and helps maintain and strengthen the heart muscle.
(R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-proline) is a valuable research tool for studying amino acid metabolism, enzyme inhibition, and stereochemistry. It is the D-isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-proline. D-amino acids, including D-proline, are found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva. D-Proline has the molecular formula C₅H₉NO₂ and a molecular weight of 115.13 g/mol. It inhibits the enzyme racemase, which converts L-proline to D-proline. D-Proline exhibits antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. It inhibits PPTase and PAT1-mediated proline uptake. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a D-amino acid makes it a useful tool for studying stereochemistry, enzyme specificity, and the biological roles of D-amino acids. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H9NO2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
115.13
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| Exact Mass |
115.063
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| CAS # |
344-25-2
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| Related CAS # |
L-Proline;147-85-3;(R)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid-d3;1994265-09-6
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| PubChem CID |
8988
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
252.2±33.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
221 °C
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| Flash Point |
106.3±25.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.487
|
| LogP |
-0.57
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
103
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
C1C[C@@H](NC1)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-SCSAIBSYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 25 mg/mL (217.15 mM)
DMSO: 2.78 mg/mL (24.15 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 12.5 mg/mL (108.57 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.6858 mL | 43.4292 mL | 86.8583 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7372 mL | 8.6858 mL | 17.3717 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8686 mL | 4.3429 mL | 8.6858 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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