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| Targets |
L-Uridine acts as a phosphate acceptor for nucleoside phosphotransferase. As the enantiomer of D-uridine, it is a nucleoside that may interact with enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism. Nucleoside phosphotransferases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups between nucleotides, playing a crucial role in the synthesis and salvage of nucleotides. L-Uridine's role as a phosphate acceptor suggests that it may be phosphorylated by these enzymes, potentially leading to the formation of L-uridine monophosphate and other phosphorylated derivatives. The compound has potential antiviral activity, indicating that it may target viral enzymes or interfere with viral replication. As a nucleoside analog, L-Uridine may also interact with cellular nucleoside transporters and kinases, affecting nucleotide pools and signaling pathways. Its presence in the normal RNA component of fungi suggests that it may be a natural product with biological significance. The compound's mechanism of action as an antiviral agent may involve inhibition of viral RNA synthesis or incorporation into viral RNA, leading to chain termination.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, L-Uridine has potential antiviral activity. The compound acts as a phosphate acceptor for nucleoside phosphotransferase, making it useful for studying nucleotide metabolism in cell-free systems. In antiviral assays, L-Uridine is tested against various viruses to assess its ability to inhibit viral replication. The compound is used as a nucleoside antimetabolite/analog in studies of nucleic acid metabolism. In cell-based assays, L-Uridine is added to cell culture media to study its uptake, metabolism, and effects on cellular nucleotide pools. Cells are cultured in standard growth media, and L-Uridine is added at various concentrations (typically 1-100 μM) for varying periods. Following incubation, cells are harvested, and intracellular nucleotides are extracted. The extracts are then analyzed by HPLC or mass spectrometry to measure the levels of L-uridine and its phosphorylated metabolites. This allows researchers to study the metabolism of L-Uridine and its effects on cellular nucleotide metabolism. The compound's potential antiviral activity is assessed by measuring viral titers or by using reporter gene assays.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, L-Uridine has potential antiviral activity. As a nucleoside analog, it may be used to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nucleoside drugs in animal models. Following administration to animals (typically via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous infusion), the compound is distributed throughout the body and metabolized through nucleotide metabolic pathways. Blood and tissue samples are collected at various time points, and the concentration of L-Uridine and its metabolites is measured by HPLC or mass spectrometry. This allows researchers to study the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of L-Uridine. In models of viral infection, L-Uridine may be administered to infected animals to assess its antiviral efficacy. However, comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies have not been extensively reported. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's therapeutic potential and safety profile. L-Uridine is also a component of traditional Chinese medicine and is found in various.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for L-Uridine typically involve the use of nucleoside phosphotransferase. The enzyme is incubated with L-Uridine and a phosphate donor (e.g., ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates), and the formation of phosphorylated L-uridine products is measured. The reaction is monitored by HPLC or mass spectrometry to quantify the formation of L-uridine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate. For kinetic characterization, assays are performed at various substrate concentrations, and kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) are determined. In antiviral assays, L-Uridine is tested for its ability to inhibit viral enzymes such as viral RNA polymerases or reverse transcriptases. The compound is incubated with the viral enzyme and a template-primer, and the incorporation of L-Uridine into the growing nucleic acid chain is measured. The inhibition of viral enzyme activity is calculated from the decrease in product formation. Typical assay conditions include incubation at 25-37°C in appropriate buffer systems (pH 7.4), with reaction products measured by spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or radiometric detection.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for L-Uridine are performed using various cell lines to study its effects on nucleotide metabolism and antiviral activity. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with L-Uridine at various concentrations (typically 1-100 μM) for 24-72 hours. Following treatment, cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or trypan blue exclusion assays. For studies of nucleotide metabolism, cells are harvested, and intracellular nucleotides are extracted and analyzed by HPLC or mass spectrometry. For antiviral studies, cells are infected with a virus in the presence or absence of L-Uridine, and viral titers are measured by plaque assay, TCID50, or by measuring viral RNA or protein levels. The compound's ability to inhibit viral replication is assessed by comparing viral titers in treated and untreated cells. Each experiment includes appropriate controls (untreated cells, vehicle controls, and positive controls such as known antiviral drugs) and is performed in triplicate to ensure statistical reliability. The compound is typically dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted in culture medium to the desired final concentration, with the final DMSO concentration kept below 0.1% to avoid solvent effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with L-Uridine are conducted in mouse or rat models of viral infection. Typically, 6-8 week old rodents are used, and the compound is administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous infusion at doses ranging from 1-100 mg/kg. In models of viral infection, animals are infected with a virus (e.g., influenza, herpes simplex virus, or other viruses) and treated with L-Uridine. Viral titers in tissues (e.g., lungs, liver) are measured by plaque assay or by qPCR. Clinical signs of infection (e.g., weight loss, survival) are monitored. At the end of the experiment, animals are euthanized, and tissues are collected for histopathological examination and viral load measurement. Blood samples are collected to measure compound concentrations and biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity. All animal procedures are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care and use committee guidelines, with appropriate sample sizes (typically n=6-10 per group) to ensure statistical power. The compound is formulated for administration using appropriate vehicles such as saline, DMSO/PEG mixtures, or other biocompatible solvents. Endpoints include viral titers, clinical scores, survival, and histopathological scores.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of L-Uridine are characteristic of a nucleoside analog. With a molecular weight of 244.20 g/mol and moderate polarity, the compound is expected to be well-absorbed following oral administration. The compound is transported across cell membranes by nucleoside transporters and is metabolized through nucleotide metabolic pathways, including phosphorylation by nucleoside kinases and deamination by nucleoside deaminases. The elimination half-life is expected to be relatively short (hours) due to rapid metabolism and clearance. The compound is primarily excreted in urine as metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of L-Uridine may be influenced by its formulation, with various vehicles affecting absorption rates and bioavailability. As with all research chemicals, appropriate pharmacokinetic studies should be conducted to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of L-Uridine has not been extensively characterized in formal toxicology studies. As a nucleoside analog, the compound may have the potential for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity at high concentrations. However, L-Uridine is a naturally occurring compound found in fungi and is a component of normal RNA. In cell-based assays, the compound has been studied for its potential antiviral activity without reported significant cytotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations. However, comprehensive toxicology studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, as well as genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity evaluations, have not been reported. The compound is classified as a research chemical and is not approved for human use. Standard safety precautions should be observed when handling the compound, including the use of appropriate personal protective equipment. As with all chemicals, ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact should be avoided. The compound should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture. The potential for toxicity should be considered when handling the compound, and appropriate precautions should be taken to minimize exposure.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
L-Uridine is a valuable research tool for studying nucleotide metabolism, antiviral mechanisms, and nucleic acid biology. It is the enantiomer of D-uridine, a nucleoside that acts as a phosphate acceptor for nucleoside phosphotransferase. L-Uridine is isolated from the normal RNA component of the Polyporaceae fungus Poria cocos (Schw.). The compound has the molecular formula C₉H₁₂N₂O₆ and a molecular weight of 244.20 g/mol. It is a nucleoside antimetabolite/analog with potential antiviral activity. L-Uridine is also a component of traditional Chinese medicine, being found in various中药材. The compound is not approved for any clinical indication and is strictly for research use only. Its role as a phosphate acceptor and its potential antiviral activity make it a useful tool for studying nucleotide metabolism and developing antiviral therapies.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H12N2O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
244.20
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| Exact Mass |
244.07
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| CAS # |
26287-69-4
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| Related CAS # |
Uridine;58-96-8
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| PubChem CID |
466466
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.674
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| LogP |
-2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
371
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)CO)O)O
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| InChi Key |
DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-PSQAKQOGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H12N2O6/c12-3-4-6(14)7(15)8(17-4)11-2-1-5(13)10-9(11)16/h1-2,4,6-8,12,14-15H,3H2,(H,10,13,16)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (409.50 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.24 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.24 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.24 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0950 mL | 20.4750 mL | 40.9500 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8190 mL | 4.0950 mL | 8.1900 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4095 mL | 2.0475 mL | 4.0950 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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