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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid targets the glyoxylate cycle and metabolic pathways involving glyoxylate. As an aldehyde, it may modify proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It may participate in microbial glyoxylate cycle and induce an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). It promotes cell differentiation.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2,2-dihydroxyacetic acid induces an increase in reactive oxygen species and promotes cell differentiation. It may modify proteins to form AGEs. The compound is used to study the glyoxylate cycle and metabolic disorders such as primary hyperoxaluria. Its activity as an aldehyde makes it useful in studies of protein modification and oxidative stress.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2,2-dihydroxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite involved in the glyoxylate cycle. It is associated with primary hyperoxaluria, a metabolic disorder characterized by excessive oxalate production. The compound may contribute to the pathophysiology of this condition. It is metabolized through glyoxylate pathways. As an aldehyde, it may have effects on protein function and oxidative stress in vivo.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for glyoxylate cycle enzymes involve incubating the enzyme with 2,2-dihydroxyacetic acid in buffer at physiological pH. Glyoxylate is a substrate for alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and other enzymes. The compound's conversion to glycolate or oxalate is monitored by HPLC or enzymatic assays. For AGE formation studies, proteins are incubated with the compound at 37°C, and AGEs are detected by ELISA or fluorescence spectroscopy.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cells are cultured in medium supplemented with 2,2-dihydroxyacetic acid at concentrations of 0.1-10 mM. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay. ROS levels are measured using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA. Cell differentiation is evaluated by morphological changes and marker gene expression. Protein modification by AGEs is detected by Western blot or ELISA. Metabolic effects are analyzed by targeted metabolomics.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, 2,2-dihydroxyacetic acid is administered to rodents via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection at doses of 10-100 mg/kg. Blood and urine samples are collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Oxalate and glycolate levels are quantified by HPLC or LC-MS/MS. In primary hyperoxaluria models, urinary oxalate excretion is measured. Tissue distribution and metabolic profiling are performed to understand its disposition.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid has a molecular weight of 92.05. It is soluble in DMSO and water. The compound is stable under standard storage conditions. As the monohydrate of glyoxylic acid, it is an aldehyde that can undergo various chemical reactions. It is an intermediate in the glyoxylate cycle and is metabolized through glyoxylate pathways. Purity is typically ≥98% by HPLC.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The compound is for research use only. No specific toxicity data are available in the search results. As an endogenous metabolite, it is expected to have low toxicity at physiological concentrations. However, as an aldehyde, it may be reactive and cause cellular damage at high concentrations through ROS generation and protein modification. Standard safety precautions should be followed.
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| Additional Infomation |
2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid (CAS# 563-96-2) is an endogenous metabolite and research reagent used primarily in studies of the glyoxylate cycle, primary hyperoxaluria, and protein glycation. It has not been investigated in clinical trials nor approved as a therapeutic drug. The compound is used in metabolic research and studies of oxidative stress and protein modification. It is also used as a chemical intermediate.
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| Molecular Formula |
C2H4O4
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| Molecular Weight |
92.05
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| Exact Mass |
92.01
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| CAS # |
563-96-2
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.33 g/mL at 20ºC
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| Boiling Point |
100ºC
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| Melting Point |
48-52ºC
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| Flash Point |
>110ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
n20/D 1.414
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (1086.37 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 10.8637 mL | 54.3183 mL | 108.6366 mL | |
| 5 mM | 2.1727 mL | 10.8637 mL | 21.7273 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.0864 mL | 5.4318 mL | 10.8637 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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