| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The compound has been reported to have multiple biological targets due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is not a selective drug-like inhibitor but rather a naturally occurring substance that modulates redox balance (by scavenging free radicals), reduces inflammatory cytokine production (by downregulating NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta), and exhibits direct antimicrobial activity against certain bacterial and fungal strains. It does not have a single defined protein target; rather, it exerts pleiotropic effects.
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| ln Vitro |
A biochemical reagent called geranyl acetone can be utilized in life science research as an organic substance or biological material.
In vitro studies have demonstrated that (E/Z)-Geranylacetone exhibits antioxidant activity in cell-free systems, scavenging DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals with moderate IC50 values (typically 50-200 microg/mL). It also shows anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages, reducing NO production and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta) in a dose-dependent manner. Antimicrobial activity has been reported against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans with MIC values in the range of 100-500 microg/mL. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have explored the anti-inflammatory activity of geranylacetone in animal models. For example, in a carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model, oral administration of geranylacetone (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw swelling by 30-50% compared to vehicle control. In a LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model, geranylacetone reduced lung myeloperoxidase activity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Antioxidant effects have been demonstrated in rodent models of oxidative stress, such as CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, where geranylacetone reduced serum ALT, AST, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels while restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase).
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| Enzyme Assay |
The compound is not used in purified enzyme binding assays. However, cell-free antioxidant assays are commonly performed: DPPH radical scavenging assay: 0.1 mL of various concentrations of geranylacetone (10-1000 microg/mL) are mixed with 0.1 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH in ethanol, incubated in the dark for 30 minutes, and absorbance is measured at 517 nm. ABTS radical scavenging assay: ABTS radical cation is generated by reacting 7 mM ABTS with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate, incubated overnight. The radical solution is diluted, and geranylacetone (10-500 microg/mL) is added. Absorbance is read at 734 nm. IC50 values are calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
For anti-inflammatory cell-based assays: RAW264.7 macrophages are seeded in 96-well plates (2×10⁵ cells/well) and incubated overnight. Cells are pretreated with geranylacetone (12.5-200 microg/mL) for 2 hours, then stimulated with LPS (1 microg/mL) for 24 hours. Nitric oxide (NO) production is measured by Griess reagent (mixed 1:1 with culture supernatant, read at 540 nm). Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta) in supernatants are quantified using ELISA. Cell viability is assessed by MTT assay to ensure non-cytotoxic concentrations. For antimicrobial assays, microbroth dilution method in 96-well plates with bacterial (10⁵ CFU/mL) or fungal (10⁴ CFU/mL) cultures incubated at 37degC for 18-24 hours, and MIC is determined as the lowest concentration inhibiting visible growth.
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| Animal Protocol |
For anti-inflammatory in vivo study: Male BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks, 20-25 g) are used. Carrageenan-induced paw edema: 0.1 mL of 1% λ-carrageenan in saline is injected into the subplantar region of the right hind paw. Geranylacetone is administered orally (50-200 mg/kg) 1 hour before carrageenan injection. Paw volume is measured using a plethysmometer at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours post-injection. Control groups receive vehicle (e.g., olive oil) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg). Paw swelling is calculated as % inhibition. For hepatoprotective study: Mice are pretreated with geranylacetone (25-100 mg/kg p.o.) for 7 days, then challenged with CCl4 (1 mL/kg, i.p. in olive oil). Blood is collected 24 hours later for ALT and AST measurement. Liver tissue is collected for histopathology and for measuring MDA, SOD, catalase, and glutathione.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No formal pharmacokinetic studies have been reported for geranylacetone. As a lipophilic monoterpenoid (logP ~3-4), it is expected to be well absorbed orally. In rats, peak plasma concentrations of related terpenoids (e.g., geraniol) occur within 1-2 hours with half-lives of 2-4 hours. Geranylacetone is likely extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 enzymes, primarily via oxidation of the terminal double bond and reduction of the ketone. The compound may undergo conjugation (glucuronidation). No data on protein binding or tissue distribution are available. Volatility may contribute to excretion via respiration.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Geranylacetone is considered relatively safe due to its natural occurrence in foods and essential oils. The acute oral LD50 in rats is >5000 mg/kg (low toxicity). It is a mild skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant at high concentrations. No significant mutagenic or carcinogenic potential has been reported. However, as with many essential oil constituents, the compound may cause dermal sensitization in susceptible individuals. When handling the neat liquid, use in a well-ventilated area with gloves and safety goggles. Avoid skin contact. The compound is flammable (flash point >100degC).
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| Additional Infomation |
Geraniol acetone is a monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geraniyl group is linked to the α-methyl group of acetone. It is a component of many plant essential oils, including lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). It is used as a flavoring agent, spice, volatile oil component, and plant metabolite. It contains a geraniyl group. Geraniol acetone has also been reported in tea (Camellia sinensis), apple (Malus), and several other organisms with relevant data. Geraniol acetone is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: nerolidol (note moved here).
(E/Z)-Geranylacetone is not an approved drug and has not undergone clinical trials for therapeutic use. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association) as a flavoring agent (FEMA number 3542). It is also approved for use in fragrances by IFRA (International Fragrance Association). The compound is marketed as a research chemical for investigating its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Due to its structural similarity to dihydropseudoionone, it serves as a precursor for the synthesis of terpenoid natural products and synthetic derivatives for drug discovery. No specific therapeutic indication has been approved, but it is a component of various essential oils with traditional medicinal uses. The compound may be used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry for flavor and fragrance quality control. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H22O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
194.31
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| Exact Mass |
194.167
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| CAS # |
689-67-8
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| PubChem CID |
1549778
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid（Density：0.873 g/cm3）
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| Density |
0.9±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
256.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
107.2±0.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.459
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| LogP |
4.13
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
230
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CCC(=O)C)/C)/C
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| InChi Key |
HNZUNIKWNYHEJJ-FMIVXFBMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H22O/c1-11(2)7-5-8-12(3)9-6-10-13(4)14/h7,9H,5-6,8,10H2,1-4H3/b12-9+
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| Chemical Name |
(5E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ≥ 100 mg/mL (514.64 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.1464 mL | 25.7321 mL | 51.4642 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0293 mL | 5.1464 mL | 10.2928 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5146 mL | 2.5732 mL | 5.1464 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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