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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Violuric acid does not have a defined pharmacological target as it is a redox mediator and biochemical reagent. The compound is used as a redox mediator in laccase systems. The violuric acid assay is a method to ascertain that the high-redox potential of laccase is not lost during directed evolution. Its primary applications are in enzymology and biocatalysis research.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro activity of Violuric acid is assessed in laccase enzyme assays. The compound serves as a redox mediator in laccase systems. The violuric acid assay is used to determine that laccase does not lose its high redox potential during directed evolution. Its activity is measured by its ability to mediate electron transfer in enzymatic reactions.
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| ln Vivo |
No specific in vivo pharmacological activity data have been documented for Violuric acid as a therapeutic agent. The compound is used as a redox mediator and biochemical reagent. It is not administered to animals for pharmacological evaluation. Its applications are limited to enzymology and biocatalysis research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays, Violuric acid is characterized by standard analytical techniques including HPLC, NMR, and mass spectrometry to confirm identity and purity. The compound has a molecular weight of 157.08 and formula C₄H₃N₃O₄. It has a melting point of 240-250°C (dec.) and appears as a light yellow crystalline powder. Storage: keep in a cool, dry place protected from light and moisture.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based studies, Violuric acid is not typically used as a direct test compound. It is used as a redox mediator in enzymatic assays. If handled in a biological laboratory context, standard safety precautions should be taken. The compound is a solid at room temperature.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, Violuric acid is not typically administered as a test compound. It is used as a redox mediator and biochemical reagent in in vitro enzymology research. If used in animal studies for specific research purposes, it would be administered via appropriate routes with suitable formulations.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Violuric acid has a molecular weight of 157.08 and formula C₄H₃N₃O₄. It has a melting point of 240-250°C (dec.) and appears as a light yellow crystalline powder. Storage: keep in a cool, dry place protected from light and moisture. The compound is a solid at room temperature. Solubility: soluble in appropriate solvents.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Violuric acid is for research use only and not for human consumption. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling this chemical. Appropriate personal protective equipment including gloves and safety glasses should be worn. Specific LD₅₀ values and detailed toxicological profiles have not been extensively reported.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Violuric acid (CAS 87-39-8) is also known as 5-(hydroxyimino)barbituric acid, 5-isonitrosobarbituric acid, and alloxan 5-oxime. It is a redox mediator used in laccase systems. The violuric acid assay is a method to determine that laccase does not lose its high redox potential during directed evolution. No clinical trials or therapeutic approvals exist.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H3N3O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
157.08
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| Exact Mass |
157.012
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| CAS # |
87-39-8
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| PubChem CID |
66599
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
2.19 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
494.1ºCat 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
240-250 °C (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
252.6ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.813
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| LogP |
-1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
269
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1(=C(NC(=O)NC1=O)O)N=O
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| InChi Key |
HRRVLSKRYVIEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H3N3O4/c8-2-1(7-11)3(9)6-4(10)5-2/h(H3,5,6,8,9,10)
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| Chemical Name |
6-hydroxy-5-nitroso-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 50 mg/mL (318.31 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.92 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.3662 mL | 31.8309 mL | 63.6618 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2732 mL | 6.3662 mL | 12.7324 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6366 mL | 3.1831 mL | 6.3662 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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