| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Spiculisporic acid does not have a well-defined biological target as a drug candidate. As a biosurfactant, its interactions with biological systems are primarily physicochemical—it can insert into lipid membranes, alter membrane fluidity, and affect the function of membrane-associated proteins. The compound has been shown to have anti-oxidative stress properties, suggesting that it may interact with cellular redox systems. However, specific molecular targets such as enzymes or receptors have not been identified. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of spiculisporic acid in biological systems. Its activity is likely mediated through membrane perturbation and modulation of oxidative stress pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
A microbial biosurfactant, speficisporic acid is a special long-chain fatty acid that has two carboxylic moieties and a lactonering. By using the yeast DNA microarray bioassay, sporicisporic acid has been shown to be nontoxic in the environment and to have anti-oxidative stress properties in biolocal systems[2].
In vitro, spiculisporic acid exhibits biosurfactant activity, including the ability to reduce surface tension and stabilize emulsions. The compound has been evaluated using yeast DNA microarray bioassays, which demonstrated its non-toxic profile in environmental contexts. Anti-oxidative stress properties have been observed in biological systems, suggesting that spiculisporic acid may protect cells from oxidative damage. However, detailed in vitro pharmacological data, including IC₅₀ values for specific targets or cytotoxicity profiles in mammalian cell lines, are not well documented in the available literature. The compound's surface-active properties make it a candidate for applications in drug delivery and formulation science. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity data for spiculisporic acid are limited. The compound has been reported to be non-toxic in the environment, suggesting favorable biocompatibility. Anti-oxidative stress properties have been observed in biological systems, indicating potential in vivo efficacy as an antioxidant. However, systematic in vivo pharmacological studies including efficacy in disease models, pharmacokinetic characterization, and toxicological evaluation have not been reported. As a biosurfactant, spiculisporic acid may have applications in enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs or as a component of biocompatible formulations. Further in vivo studies are needed to establish its therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for spiculisporic acid are not well established, as the compound is primarily studied as a biosurfactant rather than a receptor-targeted drug. Standard characterization of its surface-active properties includes measurement of critical micelle concentration (CMC) by surface tension or conductivity methods, and assessment of emulsification activity using oil-water systems. For anti-oxidant activity evaluation, typical assays include DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation decolorization, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. These protocols involve incubating the compound with radical-generating systems and measuring the reduction in absorbance spectrophotometrically.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture experiments with spiculisporic acid would typically assess its cytotoxicity and potential protective effects against oxidative stress. A standard protocol involves culturing mammalian cell lines (e.g., HepG2, NIH/3T3, or RAW 264.7 macrophages) in DMEM or RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Cells are treated with spiculisporic acid at concentrations ranging from 1-200 µM for 24-48 hours. Cytotoxicity is measured using MTT or LDH release assays. For anti-oxidative stress evaluation, cells are pre-treated with the compound and then exposed to oxidative stressors such as H₂O₂ or tert-butyl hydroperoxide, followed by assessment of cell viability and measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using fluorescent probes like DCFH-DA.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with spiculisporic acid are not well documented in the literature. If conducted, typical protocols for evaluating a biosurfactant or antioxidant compound would involve oral or intraperitoneal administration in rodents. For antioxidant efficacy studies, animals would be treated with spiculisporic acid (e.g., 10-100 mg/kg) daily for 1-4 weeks, followed by induction of oxidative stress using agents such as CCl₄ or doxorubicin. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) would be measured in serum and tissue homogenates. For toxicity studies, animals would be observed for clinical signs, body weight changes, and histopathological examination of major organs.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of spiculisporic acid have not been characterized in detail. As a long-chain fatty acid with two carboxylic acid groups and a lactone ring, the compound is expected to have moderate lipophilicity and may be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. The compound may undergo metabolism via lactone ring hydrolysis and beta-oxidation of the fatty acid chain. The presence of two carboxylic acid groups suggests that the compound may be subject to conjugation reactions (glucuronidation) and renal excretion. However, formal pharmacokinetic studies including determination of half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and bioavailability have not been reported.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Spiculisporic acid has been shown to be non-toxic in the environment, suggesting a favorable safety profile. The compound is a natural microbial product and is considered biodegradable. No acute or chronic toxicity data in mammals are available in the published literature. The compound's safety for human use has not been established. Standard laboratory precautions should be followed when handling the compound. Based on its natural origin and environmental non-toxicity, spiculisporic acid is likely to have low mammalian toxicity, but formal toxicological evaluation is required before any therapeutic application.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Spiculisporic acid is a naturally occurring biosurfactant with unique structural features including a γ-lactone ring and two carboxylic acid groups. It is produced by fungi such as *Penicillium spiculisporum* and has been studied for its environmental applications and potential biomedical uses. The compound exhibits anti-oxidative stress properties, suggesting possible applications in protecting cells from oxidative damage. Spiculisporic acid has not undergone clinical trials and is not approved as a pharmaceutical. Its mechanism of action is believed to involve membrane interactions and modulation of oxidative stress pathways. Further research is needed to fully characterize its pharmacological potential and establish structure-activity relationships.
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| Molecular Formula |
C17H28O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
328.40
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| Exact Mass |
328.189
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| CAS # |
469-77-2
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| PubChem CID |
316426
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.163g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
549ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
145ºC
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| Flash Point |
195.4ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.68E-13mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.502
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| LogP |
3.378
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
419
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCCCCCCCC[C@H](C(=O)O)[C@@]1(CCC(=O)O1)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
TUXHHVJPGQUPCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H28O6/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-13(15(19)20)17(16(21)22)12-11-14(18)23-17/h13H,2-12H2,1H3,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)
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| Chemical Name |
2-(1-carboxyundecyl)-5-oxooxolane-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 250 mg/mL (761.27 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.33 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0451 mL | 15.2253 mL | 30.4507 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6090 mL | 3.0451 mL | 6.0901 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3045 mL | 1.5225 mL | 3.0451 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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