| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
The primary target of D-Glucan is the Dectin-1 receptor, a C-type lectin receptor expressed mainly on the surface of innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. By recognizing and binding to the Dectin-1 receptor, D-Glucan activates downstream signaling pathways, triggering a series of immune responses. Additionally, certain D-Glucans can also be selectively recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while enhancing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the release of nitric oxide (NO). The mechanism of action of D-Glucan involves the activation of innate immune cells, thereby enhancing the body's defense against pathogens and tumor cells.
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| ln Vitro |
A new fungal surrogate marker, (1–3)-β-D glucan, offers a noninvasive method for the potential surveillance and diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections have long been associated with significantly high morbidity and mortality on hematology-oncology wards and recipients of either solid-organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The diagnoses of invasive fungal infections have historically been made difficult by the need for invasive methods. (1–3)-β-D-glucan testing requires a minimally invasive sample that can be used to aid in the diagnosis of an invasive fungal infection as well as monitor the response to treatment. One disadvantage of (1–3)-β-D-glucan testing is that a positive test alone lacks sufficient sensitivity and specificity for a definitive diagnosis. While formal guidelines for the use of (1–3)-β-D-glucan testing are lacking, this chromogenic assay provides a new opportunity for testing at-risk populations. A review and recommendation for its laboratory and clinical application are provided.
In vitro studies demonstrate that D-Glucan exhibits significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. In rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) and RAW 264.7 cells, D-Glucan (20, 100, 500 μg/mL; 24 h treatment) significantly induces iNOS mRNA expression and NO release, while upregulating the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. Furthermore, water-soluble β-(1-3)-D-glucan derivatives (such as carboxymethyl-glucan CM-G, sulfoethyl-glucan SE-G, and carboxymethyl-chitin-glucan CM-CG) exhibit extremely high antioxidative activity, with CM-CG showing the strongest activity (2.15 ± 0.14 nmol exhibits equivalent activity to 1 nmol Trolox). These derivatives also demonstrate significant antimutagenic effects, reducing chloroplast DNA damage induced by ofloxacin and acridine orange. |
| ln Vivo |
While incorporated within the fungal cell wall (1–3)-β-D-glucan typically exists as an insoluble structure. In the presence of blood or other body fluids, (1–3)-β-D-glucan transforms into single helix, triple helix (most common), or random coil forms and are rendered soluble. This soluble (1–3)-β-D-glucan may be capable of modulating the immune system by inhibiting leukocyte phagocytosis. Details regarding the release and kinetics of soluble (1–3)-β-D-glucan in the systemic circulation or body fluids of patients with proven or probable invasive fungal infections is limited.
In in vivo animal models, D-Glucan demonstrates various biological activities. In an acetaminophen-induced liver injury model, oral administration of β-D-glucan (50 mg/kg; 10 days) significantly reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increases glutathione (GSH) content, indicating antioxidant protective effects. In a diabetic mouse model, β-D-glucan (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg; oral administration for 28 days) significantly improves hepatic glycogen synthesis, glucokinase (GK) activity, and insulin sensitivity. However, in the P388 ascites tumor model, intraperitoneal administration of β-(1-3),(1-6)-D-glucan shows no significant effect on ascites volume or mouse survival, exhibiting only weak modulation of immune-stimulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that the in vivo effects of D-Glucan are model-dependent and require evaluation for specific indications. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free in vitro assays for D-Glucan receptor binding typically employ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to evaluate binding affinity to the Dectin-1 receptor. The procedure is as follows: Immobilize recombinant Dectin-1 receptor protein on a sensor chip or microplate. Dilute different concentrations of D-Glucan (e.g., 0.1-100 μg/mL) in binding buffer (e.g., PBS, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% Tween-20) and incubate at room temperature for 30-60 minutes. Detect binding by measuring signal changes (SPR) or using specific antibodies (ELISA) to calculate binding constants (KD) and binding kinetic parameters. Antioxidative activity assessment can be performed using the luminol-dependent photochemical method: mix D-Glucan with luminol reagent, measure luminescence intensity under photochemical excitation, and calculate antioxidative activity equivalents using Trolox as a standard.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays typically employ macrophage cell lines (e.g., RAW 264.7 cells) or primary macrophages. The experimental procedure is as follows: Seed cells in culture plates and culture until 70-80% confluence, then replace with fresh medium. Add different concentrations of D-Glucan (e.g., 20, 100, 500 μg/mL) and treat for 24 hours. Collect cell culture supernatants for cytokine detection (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and measure concentrations by ELISA. Collect cell lysates to extract total RNA and detect mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Nitric oxide (NO) content in the culture medium can also be measured using the Griess reagent method. Additionally, antioxidative activity can be assessed by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) content.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo experiments with D-Glucan employ different animal models depending on the research objective. In liver injury protection studies, mouse models are used, with β-D-glucan administered orally (50 mg/kg, once daily for 10 days) before acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) administration to induce liver injury. After euthanasia, liver and blood specimens are collected to detect serum transaminases (ALT/AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels. In diabetes research, a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model is used, with oral administration of β-D-glucan (500-2000 mg/kg, once daily for 28 days) to detect fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, hepatic glycogen content, and glucokinase activity. In tumor models, ascites tumor models are established by intraperitoneal injection of P388 lymphoma cells, with β-glucan administered intraperitoneally on day 1 or day 4 after tumor inoculation, observing survival and ascites volume changes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of D-Glucan have been studied in several animal models. In rabbits, following intravenous administration of 125I-labeled (1→3)-β-D-glucan, the intravascular half-life is extremely short: 1.8 minutes in the low-dose group (9.3 μg/kg) and 1.4 minutes in the high-dose group (222 μg/kg), with total body clearance of approximately 1.1 mL/min. Over 97% of the labeled glucan is associated with cell-free plasma, primarily in unbound form (not associated with lipoproteins or plasma proteins). The liver is the primary distribution organ, containing more than 80% of the detected glucan among the six major organs analyzed. In rats, glucans administered orally or intravenously are excreted by the kidneys, with most excreted glucans appearing as lower molecular mass polysaccharide fragments (13 ± 8.5K), indicating degradation in vivo prior to renal excretion. D-Glucan has a solubility of 20 mg/mL in water (as a suspension) and 60 mg/mL in DMSO.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Available toxicological data indicate that D-Glucan has a favorable safety profile in experimental animals. In studies involving intravenous administration of (1→3)-β-D-glucan in rabbits, the animals remained well, and no significant changes in blood cell counts were observed. In diabetic mouse studies, administration of β-D-glucan (500-2000 mg/kg) for 28 days did not report obvious toxic reactions. In ascites tumor models, β-glucan administration did not negatively affect mouse survival. However, it should be noted that D-Glucans from different sources and with different structures may have varying toxicity profiles. Since D-Glucan has immunomodulatory activity, it may induce excessive inflammatory responses under specific conditions. Therefore, comprehensive assessment of its long-term safety still requires further research support.
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| References |
[1]. Laboratory Medicine, Volume 42, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 679–685, https://doi.org/10.1309/LM8BW8QNV7NZBROG
[2]. (1→3) -β-d-Glucan stimulates nitric oxide generation and cytokine mRNA expression in macrophages. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 1998 Jun 2;5 (4) :273-81. |
| Additional Infomation |
Reports have indicated that oats contain beta-glucan, and relevant data is available for reference.
Source and Structural Diversity: D-Glucan is not a single compound but a class of polysaccharides with diverse chemical structures. Based on glycosidic bond linkages, they can be classified into β-(1,3)-D-glucan, β-(1,6)-D-glucan, etc. D-Glucans from different sources (yeast, fungi, bacteria, plants) vary in molecular weight, branching degree, and solubility, and these structural features directly influence their biological activities. Solubility and Storage: D-Glucan is soluble in water (20 mg/mL as a suspension) and DMSO (60 mg/mL). The powder form is stable for 3 years at -20°C and for 2 years at 4°C; the solution form is stable for 6 months at -80°C and for 1 month at -20°C. Synonyms: D-Glucan is also known as β-glucan or laminarin. Carcinogenicity Information: According to available databases, D-Glucan has not been classified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), the carcinogenicity classification status for this compound is "not classified". Clinical Application Potential: The activities of D-Glucan in immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antidiabetes make it a candidate adjunctive therapeutic agent for various diseases. However, more clinical trial data are needed to verify its efficacy and safety in humans. Functional Food Applications: Due to its favorable safety profile and immunomodulatory activity, D-Glucan is widely used in functional foods and dietary supplements. |
| Exact Mass |
472.179
|
|---|---|
| CAS # |
9012-72-0
|
| PubChem CID |
71312131
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid
|
| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
865.2±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
477.0±34.3 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.673
|
| LogP |
-3.25
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
14
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
32
|
| Complexity |
582
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
13
|
| SMILES |
O1[C@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(C([H])([C@@]1([H])C([H])([H])O[H])O[C@@]1([H])[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O1)O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H])OC1([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O[C@@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@@]1([H])O[H])O[H])O[H]
|
| InChi Key |
SPMCUTIDVYCGCK-IIIGWGBSSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H32O14/c19-2-9-6(22)1-7(23)17(29-9)32-16-13(26)11(4-21)30-18(14(16)27)31-15-8(24)5-28-10(3-20)12(15)25/h6-27H,1-5H2/t6-,7+,8-,9+,10+,11+,12+,13+,14+,15+,16-,17-,18-/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol
|
| Synonyms |
9012-72-0; Polyglucan; D-Glucosan; D-Glucan; Poly-D-glucan;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL
H2O: ~20 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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