Nonanal exhibits noteworthy efficacy against both B. cereus and L. monocytogenes, as evidenced by its respective MIC values of 7.8 μg/ml[1].

In mice that have castor oil-induced diarrhea, nonanal exhibits a strong inhibitory effect[1].

Metabolism / Metabolites
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) specific activity was measured in crude homogenates, post-mitochondrial supernatants, cytosolic and microsomal fractions of /Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)/ liver, using a number of endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes and both NAD+ and NADP+ as co-factors. All the activity found in the crude homogenate could be accounted for by the sum of the cytosolic and microsomal activities. Highest activities were found with the medium chain length substrates hexanal and nonanal in all fractions. The ,-unsaturated aldehydes, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal-1-al, and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal, were also good substrates for both fractions, while the hydroxylated , unsaturated trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal was a good substrate only for the microsomal fraction. Short chain and aromatic xenobiotic substrates were metabolized at much lower rates, and only the microsomal fraction was effective against acetaldehyde, acrolein, and benzaldehyde. Neither fraction metabolized 2,5-dihydroxy benzaldehyde. NAD+ was the preferred co-factor for most substrates. Apparent affinity (Km) for hexanal and nonanal in the cytosolic fraction were comparable to that found in rats, but the theoretical maximal velocity (Vmax) for these substrates, and the specific activities for the other substrates, were much lower than found in mammals. The biochemical results suggest that trout are well adapted to detoxify products of endogenous lipid peroxidation, but are poorly adapted to detoxify xenobiotic aldehydes.
Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nonanal is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used in perfume industry and as a flavoring agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Ozone exposure resulted in a significant early increase in nonanal in the airway epithelial lining fluid of humans. Nonanal levels returned to baseline by 18 hr after exposure. Nonanal produced in vitro by ozonation of liposomes induced hemolysis of human red blood cells, and combination of nonanal and H2O2 was significantly more hemolytic than nonanal alone. It was negative for unscheduled DNA synthesis in adult human hepatocytes assay at 3-100 mM. ANIMAL STUDIES: Single dermal dose of nonanal 5 g/kg applied on 3 rabbits with intact skin and 3 rabbits with abraded skin produced one death and severe edema and burns at site of application. There was no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetal toxicity, or teratogenesis when pregnant female rats were given 1500 mg/kg bw/day of nonanoic acid (metabolite of nonanal on days 6-15 of pregnancy. It was positive for sister chromatid exchange in rat hepatocytes at 0.1-100 uM, and negative for unscheduled DNA synthesis in adult rat hepatocytes assay at 3-100 mM. It was positive for forward mutation assay in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells at 0.1-0.3 mM and negative in modified Ames test (preincubation method) using S. typhmiurium TA98, TA100 and TA1535 at 1-666 ug/plate. It was also negative in Ames test using S. typhmiurium TA102 and TA104 at up to 1 mg/plate, and negative in the chromosomal aberration test using rat hepatocytes at 0.4 ug/mL.
Uremic toxins such as nonanal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).

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Toxicity Data
LC (rat) > 9,500 mg/m3/4h

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral >5,000 mL/kg bw /from table/
LD50 Rabbit dermal >5,000 mL/kg bw /from table/
LC50 Rat inhalation >0.46 mg/L but <3.8 mg/L/4 hr /Nonanoic acid, 97%/

[1]. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Nonanal, an Aldehyde Isolated from Artemisia ludoviciana. Pharmaceutical Biology Volume 40, 2002 - Issue 4.

Nonanal is a clear brown liquid characterized by a rose-orange odor. Insoluble in water. Found in at least 20 essential oils, including rose and citrus oils and several species of pine oil.
Nonanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism. It has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, a n-alkanal and a medium-chain fatty aldehyde. It is functionally related to a nonanoic acid.
Nonanal has been reported in Camellia sinensis, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available.
Nonanal is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
Nonanal belongs to the family of Medium-chain Aldehydes. These are An aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms.
See also: Aldehydes, C9-11 (annotation moved to).

C9H18O

142.24

142.135

124-19-6

Nonanal-d18; 1466552-36-2

31289

Colorless to light yellow liquid

0.8±0.1 g/cm3

190.8±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg

-18ºC

63.9±0.0 °C

0.5±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.418

3.56

0

1

7

10

69.1

0

CCCCCCCCC=O

GYHFUZHODSMOHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H18O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10/h9H,2-8H2,1H3

nonanal

Nonanal

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: 100 mg/mL (703.04 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (17.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)