| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Methyl palmitoleate is not a classical drug with a well-defined protein target; however, it is an analog of the endogenous fatty acid palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid is known to act as a lipid hormone (lipokine), influencing metabolic processes such as insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. It modulates the activity of key transcription factors, including PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) and SREBPs (sterol regulatory element-binding proteins). Methyl palmitoleate, as an esterified form, may be hydrolyzed to release free palmitoleic acid. It has been associated with anti-inflammatory potentials in plant extracts, where it may contribute to the inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies indicate that Methyl palmitoleate can be used as an analytical standard for the quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in biological samples via GC-MS or LC-MS, but it does not exhibit direct pharmacological activity in cell-free assays. In cell-based experiments, fatty acid esters like Methyl palmitoleate can be incorporated into cellular membranes and metabolized by lipases to release free palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and myocytes and to reduce lipogenesis in hepatocytes. At concentrations of 10-100 uM, related fatty acid esters have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing LPS-induced secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages. However, these effects are primarily attributed to the free fatty acid rather than the methyl ester itself.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Methyl palmitoleate itself is not typically administered as a therapeutic agent. However, its parent fatty acid, palmitoleic acid, has been studied for metabolic benefits. Methyl palmitoleate serves as an analytical standard to track the metabolism and distribution of palmitoleic acid in pharmacokinetic studies. When administered orally, esterified fatty acids are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases in the intestine, releasing palmitoleic acid which is then absorbed and incorporated into chylomicrons. The anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects observed with palmitoleic acid supplementation in animal models (e.g., improved glucose tolerance, reduced hepatic steatosis, and lower serum triglycerides) may be relevant for understanding the biological fate of Methyl palmitoleate.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A non-cellular protocol for using Methyl palmitoleate as an internal standard involves its incorporation into the sample preparation workflow for GC-MS analysis. A stock solution of the internal standard (1 mg/mL) is prepared in hexane or heptane. For plasma samples, 50 uL of plasma is transferred to a glass tube. Then, 10 uL of the internal standard solution (diluted to a working concentration of 10 ug/mL) is added. Lipids are extracted by adding 1 mL of hexane:isopropanol (3:2, v/v) and vortexing for 1 minute. After centrifugation (3,000 rpm, 5 minutes, 4degC), the upper organic phase is transferred to a clean tube and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue is derivatized with 100 uL of BSTFA + 1% TMCS at 60degC for 30 minutes to convert free fatty acids to their trimethylsilyl esters. After derivatization, the sample is diluted with hexane and transferred to a GC vial. A 1-2 uL sample is injected into the GC-MS. Quantification is achieved by calculating the peak area ratio of the analyte (e.g., palmitoleic acid) to the internal standard against a calibration curve.
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| Cell Assay |
An in vitro cellular protocol for using Methyl palmitoleate as an internal standard involves the quantification of fatty acids in cultured adipocytes (e.g., 3T3-L1 cells). Cells are differentiated into mature adipocytes using standard protocols (IBMX, dexamethasone, insulin). After treatment with test compounds (e.g., lipogenic modulators) for 24-48 hours, cells are washed twice with ice-cold PBS and harvested by scraping. Cell pellets are resuspended in 200 uL of PBS, and 10 uL of Methyl palmitoleate internal standard solution (10 ug/mL) is added. Lipids are extracted by adding 800 uL of hexane:isopropanol (3:2) and 200 uL of water, followed by vortexing. After centrifugation, the organic phase is collected and evaporated. The residue is transmethylated using 0.5 N methanolic sodium hydroxide at 85degC for 10 minutes, followed by 14% boron trifluoride in methanol at 85degC for 10 minutes. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are extracted with hexane and analyzed by GC-MS. The internal standard corrects for extraction efficiency and derivatization yield.
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| Animal Protocol |
An in vivo animal protocol for using Methyl palmitoleate as an internal standard involves the quantification of fatty acids in mouse plasma. Male C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) are fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Blood samples (50-100 uL) are collected via the tail vein into EDTA-coated tubes at various time points after oral administration of a test compound (e.g., a lipase inhibitor). Plasma is separated by centrifugation (2,000 g, 10 minutes, 4degC). For extraction, 20 uL of plasma is mixed with 5 uL of Methyl palmitoleate internal standard solution (10 ug/mL) and 500 uL of hexane:isopropanol (3:2). After vortexing and centrifugation, the organic phase is collected and evaporated. The residue is derivatized as described for GC-MS analysis. The concentration of palmitoleic acid and other fatty acids is quantified using a calibration curve. The internal standard corrects for variations in sample preparation and matrix effects across different plasma samples.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Methyl palmitoleate is an analytical standard and not a therapeutic agent; therefore, traditional pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC) are not applicable. However, computational ADMET predictions provide insights into its properties. The compound has a high gastrointestinal absorption rate and is able to permeate the blood-brain barrier, as predicted by SwissADME. Its bioavailability score is 0.55, and it is classified as moderately soluble by the ESOL model. Methyl palmitoleate is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein efflux, but it is an inhibitor of CYP1A2, while showing no inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4. The predicted log Kp (skin permeation) is -3.41 cm/s. For analytical purposes, the compound is stable under recommended storage conditions (pure form at -20degC for 3 years; in solvent at -80degC for 1 year).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Acute toxicity data for Methyl palmitoleate are limited, as it is an analytical standard rather than a therapeutic drug. The parent compound, palmitoleic acid, is a naturally occurring monounsaturated fatty acid found in many foods, including macadamia nuts and fish, and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for dietary consumption. No significant genotoxicity or carcinogenicity has been reported. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling Methyl palmitoleate, including the use of gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses. The compound is flammable and should be kept away from open flames. In case of skin contact, wash with plenty of soap and water. It is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic or diagnostic applications. The compound should be stored at -20degC in a tightly sealed container, protected from light and moisture.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Methyl palmitate is a fatty acid methyl ester formed by the condensation of methanol and palmitoleic acid, and its function is related to that of palmitoleic acid. It has been reported that methyl palmitate is present in the corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and other organisms with relevant data.
Methyl palmitoleate is a fatty acid methyl ester that serves as an analytical standard for palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7). The compound is available as a clear, colorless to light yellow liquid with a purity of typically ≥99%. Its boiling point is approximately 210-215degC, and its density is 0.875 g/mL at 25degC. Methyl palmitoleate is soluble in organic solvents such as DMSO (30 mg/mL), hexane, chloroform, and methanol. For in vivo formulation, a common vehicle is 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline. The compound is not an FDA-approved drug and is classified solely as a research-grade chemical. It is valuable for studies investigating fatty acid metabolism, lipidomics, and the role of palmitoleic acid as a lipokine in metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). |
| Molecular Formula |
C17H32O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
268.43
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| Exact Mass |
268.24
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| CAS # |
1120-25-8
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| PubChem CID |
643801
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Density |
0.9±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
394.2±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
-0.5-0.5ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
92.5±20.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.452
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| LogP |
7.1
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
14
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
221
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OC
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| InChi Key |
IZFGRAGOVZCUFB-HJWRWDBZSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H32O2/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17(18)19-2/h8-9H,3-7,10-16H2,1-2H3/b9-8-
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| Chemical Name |
methyl (Z)-hexadec-9-enoate
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| Synonyms |
(Z)-Methyl hexadec-9-enoate; Methyl cis-9-Hexadecenoate; Methyl palmitoleate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 100 mg/mL (372.54 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.31 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (9.31 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.31 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7254 mL | 18.6268 mL | 37.2537 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7451 mL | 3.7254 mL | 7.4507 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3725 mL | 1.8627 mL | 3.7254 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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