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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Curdlan does not have a specific biological receptor target in the traditional sense of a drug. However, as a β-(1,3)-glucan, it can be recognized by certain immune receptors, such as Dectin-1, on innate immune cells, though this is not its primary application. In research, it is often used as a model β-glucan to study immune recognition and response. Its primary "target" in industrial applications is the food matrix, where it acts as a texturizing and stabilizing agent.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, curdlan is not evaluated for pharmacological activity but for its physicochemical properties. Its ability to form gels and its rheological properties are characterized. It can be used to stimulate immune cells in vitro, such as macrophages, to study β-glucan-mediated inflammatory responses via receptors like Dectin-1. As a biochemical reagent, it is used in studies of polysaccharide structure and function.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, curdlan is not used as a therapeutic agent but as a food ingredient. When ingested, it is not digested by human enzymes and acts as a dietary fiber, potentially influencing gut microbiota and metabolism. In research models, it may be used as a dietary supplement to study its effects on the immune system, lipid metabolism, or gut health.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Curdlan is characterized for its physicochemical properties, not through biological assays. A typical protocol involves dissolving curdlan in a sodium hydroxide solution to prepare a stock solution. Its gelling properties are assessed by heating an aqueous suspension to form a gel, and the gel strength is measured using a texture analyzer. The molecular weight and degree of branching can be determined by size-exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis.
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| Cell Assay |
Curdlan is not used in standard cell culture for pharmacological studies. However, it can be added to macrophage cultures to assess its immunomodulatory effects. Cells are treated with curdlan, and the production of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 is measured by ELISA. The expression of cell surface markers like Dectin-1 can also be analyzed by flow cytometry.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal studies with curdlan typically involve dietary intervention in rodent models. Curdlan is incorporated into the animal feed at a certain percentage, and its effects on parameters such as body weight, food intake, serum lipids, and gut microbiota composition are monitored. It can also be used in models of inflammatory bowel disease to study its potential protective effects.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Curdlan is a high-molecular-weight polymer of glucose with the formula (C6H10O5)n. It is insoluble in water and ethanol. It dissolves in alkaline solutions, such as 3N sodium hydroxide. Curdlan forms clear solutions at about 55°C and forms "low-set" gels upon cooling. It is typically stored at 2-8°C. As a large polysaccharide, it is not absorbed systemically and acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Curdlan is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food additive. It is non-toxic and non-pathogenic, as it is produced by non-pathogenic bacteria. No significant toxicity has been reported for its use as a food ingredient. At high concentrations, it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort due to its fiber-like properties.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
β-D-glucose is d-glucose pyranose with a β-configuration of its anomeric carbon atom. It is an epitope and a metabolite in mice. It is the enantiomer of β-L-glucose. It is a major energy source for organisms. β-D-glucose is naturally found in fruits and other parts of plants, existing in a free state. It can be used for treatment with fluids and nutritional supplements.
Glucose oxidase has been studied for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. β-D-glucose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxacyclohexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol has been reported in hops, Acer rubrum, and other organisms with relevant data. β-D-glucose pyranose is the β-isomer of D-glucose pyranose, a simple synthetic monosaccharide that can be used as an energy source. D-glucan can be oxidized in various tissues under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions via glycolysis, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Yeast polysaccharide, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan derived from the yeast cell wall, is a structural component with potential immunostimulatory activity. After administration, yeast polysaccharide can target, bind to, and activate certain Toll-like receptors, primarily TLR2 on leukocytes and dectin-1 on macrophages. Activation of TLR2 and dectin-1 can stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and enhance the innate immune response. β-D-glucan is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Yeast polysaccharide (note moved to). Curdlan is a versatile polysaccharide with significant applications in the food industry as a gelling agent, thickener, and stabilizer. It is also used in cosmetics and as a soil conditioner. In research, it is a valuable tool for studying β-glucan structure, function, and immune recognition. It is not a pharmaceutical drug and is not approved for therapeutic use. |
| Molecular Formula |
(C6H10O5)N
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
504.43708
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| Exact Mass |
504.169
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| CAS # |
54724-00-4
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| Related CAS # |
26874-89-5;133947-06-5
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| PubChem CID |
64689
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
902.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
499.8±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.673
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| LogP |
-6.08
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
151
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 10 mg/mL
0.1 M NaOH: 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9824 mL | 9.9120 mL | 19.8240 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3965 mL | 1.9824 mL | 3.9648 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1982 mL | 0.9912 mL | 1.9824 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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