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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
4-FPA does not target a single molecular receptor in the traditional sense. Instead, it modulates the production of plant defense compounds, such as peroxidases, H₂O₂, and flavonoids. It directly triggers the formation of phenolic polymers in plant cells. The compound's mechanism involves being converted to 4-fluorophenol (4-FP) in the plant. Both 4-FPA and 4-FP increase amino acid and peroxidase levels but decrease H₂O₂ and flavonoid levels, with no observed effects on the transcript levels of genes involved in hormonal pathways. Using H₂O₂ as an electron acceptor, flavonoids and 4-FP are subsequently catalyzed by peroxidases to form phenolic polymers in plant parenchyma cells. These phenolic polymer particles, which are 1-5 μm in diameter, are larger than the xstylets of pests like the white-backed planthopper (WBPH), which are about 2 μm in diameter. It is proposed that these particles physically block the pests' xstylets from reaching the phloem, thereby decreasing food intake. This physical defense mechanism, combined with the modulation of plant biochemistry, represents a novel and effective strategy for pest control.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 4-FPA has been shown to increase the resistance of cereals such as rice, wheat, and barley to piercing-sucking insect pests. It reduces the abundance of and damage caused by these pests, thereby enhancing crop yield. In a study using a copper(II) complex containing 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide, the complex showed cytotoxic activity against tumor cells in vitro. However, the primary in vitro activity of 4-FPA itself is related to its effects on plant biochemistry. When applied to plant cells or tissues, it leads to increased production of peroxidases and decreased levels of H₂O₂ and flavonoids. These biochemical changes are associated with the formation of phenolic polymers, which are the key mediators of its physical defense mechanism against insects.
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| ln Vivo |
In field studies, application of 4-FPA has been shown to enhance rice yield by reducing insect pest populations and damage. It also increases resistance in wheat and barley. The spraying of 4-FPA not only decreased white-backed planthopper (WBPH) populations but also increased rice grain yield in the field. Furthermore, 4-FPA was found to confer broad-spectrum resistance to other piercing-sucking insects tested, with no harmful effects on spiders, which are the main predatory natural enemies of insect pests on rice plants. These findings demonstrate that 4-FPA is a promising plant strengthener that can control devastating cereal insect pests and boost crop yield without negative effects on plant growth. Its ability to protect plants without harming beneficial organisms makes it a valuable tool for integrated pest management strategies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for 4-FPA involve studying its effects on enzyme activities and biochemical pathways in plant extracts. For example, the compound's impact on peroxidase activity can be measured spectrophotometrically. Plant tissues are treated with 4-FPA, and then the enzyme is extracted and its activity is assayed using a substrate like guaiacol or ABTS. The flavonoid content and the formation of phenolic polymers can also be analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry. These assays are crucial for understanding the biochemical changes induced by 4-FPA and for elucidating its mechanism of action at the molecular level.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, plant cells or tissues are treated with 4-FPA at various concentrations (typically in the 0.1-1 mM range). Markers of plant defense, such as H₂O₂ production, peroxidase activity, and flavonoid accumulation, are then measured. Insect feeding assays can also be performed on treated plants to directly assess the compound's protective effects. These experiments help to confirm the compound's activity in a controlled environment and to optimize its application parameters.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for 4-FPA are not applicable, as it is a plant growth regulator and strengthener, not a drug intended for animal use. No animal model data are available. Its "in vivo" activity is assessed in the field, on the plants themselves.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for 4-FPA in mammals are not available, as its primary application is agricultural. As a plant growth regulator, its behavior in plants is better understood: it is absorbed by roots and leaves and translocated within the plant.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 4-FPA are not extensively documented in the available literature. However, as a plant strengthener, it is considered to be environmentally friendly and has no harmful effects on beneficial insects like spiders.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
4-FPA is a phenoxy plant growth regulator with multiple agricultural applications. Its mechanism of action involves the direct modulation of plant defense compounds rather than hormonal signaling, representing a conserved defense mechanism in plants against piercing-sucking insect pests. It is used to prevent flower and fruit drop, inhibit bean rooting, promote fruit setting, induce seedless fruit development, enhance ripening, and increase crop yield. 4-FPA is a promising tool for sustainable agriculture, offering an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional pesticides.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H7FO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
170.14
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| Exact Mass |
170.037
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| CAS # |
405-79-8
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| PubChem CID |
67882
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
295.2±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
104-104.5 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
132.4±20.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.520
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| LogP |
1.47
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
152
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: 25 mg/mL (146.94 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.8775 mL | 29.3876 mL | 58.7751 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1755 mL | 5.8775 mL | 11.7550 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5878 mL | 2.9388 mL | 5.8775 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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