| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite Human Endogenous Metabolite
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a natural metabolite that serves as an energy source for the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when glucose is scarce. It is transported into cells via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and then to acetyl-CoA, which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It also acts as a signaling molecule, inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR109A, GPR41). It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It is not a drug but a dietary supplement. |
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| ln Vitro |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium is a metabolite derived from acetoacetate. Enhanced fatty acid oxidation in the liver leads to increased production of acetoacetate, which is then converted to (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium via a reaction catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase[1].
In vitro, (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (0.1-10 mM) has been shown to protect neurons from excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. In primary cortical neurons, treatment with 1-10 mM (R)-3HB reduces glutamate-induced calcium influx and cell death. It also inhibits HDAC activity (IC₅0 ~ 5 mM) and increases histone acetylation. At concentrations up to 20 mM, it is not cytotoxic to most cell types. It also reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate sodium salt is used as a ketogenic supplement in animal models of epilepsy, Alzheimer‘s disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. In rats, intraperitoneal administration (0.5-2 g/kg) elevates plasma ketone levels and reduces seizure frequency. In a mouse model of Alzheimer‘s disease, oral administration (1-2 g/kg/day) improves cognitive function and reduces amyloid plaque deposition. The compound is also used clinically as an ingredient in ketogenic diets and as a medical food for certain metabolic disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The concentration of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate can be measured by enzymatic assay using 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). The reaction mixture contains 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5), 1 mM NAD+, and the sample. The reduction of NAD+ to NADH is measured at 340 nm. The standard curve is prepared with authentic (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate sodium. For HDAC inhibition, nuclear extracts are incubated with a fluorogenic HDAC substrate (e.g., Ac-Lys(Ac)-AMC) and varying concentrations of (R)-3HB (0.1-20 mM). The fluorescence is measured at λex 360 nm, λem 460 nm. The IC₅0 is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate sodium (0.1-20 mM) for 24-48 h. Cell viability is measured by MTT assay. The CC₅0 is >20 mM. For neuroprotection, cells are pretreated with 1-10 mM (R)-3HB for 1 h, then exposed to glutamate (10 mM) or H2O2 (100 uM) for 24 h. Viability is measured, and ROS levels are quantified using DCFH-DA. The compound reduces cell death and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner.
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| Animal Protocol |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate has been studied in various in vivo models. In the pilocarpine-induced seizure model in rats, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g, n=10/group) are administered (R)-3HB sodium (1 g/kg, IP) 30 min before pilocarpine (300 mg/kg, IP). The latency to seizure onset and the number of seizures are recorded. (R)-3HB significantly increases latency and reduces seizure severity. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer‘s disease, oral administration of (R)-3HB sodium (1.5 g/kg/day in drinking water) for 3 months improves performance in the Morris water maze and reduces amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate is a small, water-soluble molecule (MW 126.09). Following oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract via MCTs. Peak plasma levels are reached within 30-60 minutes. The half-life in humans and rodents is approximately 2-4 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and heart to acetyl-CoA. Excretion is minimal; it is cleared by metabolism. At high doses (> 5 g/kg), it may cause gastrointestinal distress. For research use, it is stored at room temperature, protected from moisture.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate sodium has low toxicity. The oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. It is a normal metabolite and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food ingredient. At high doses, it can cause metabolic alkalosis and diarrhea. It is not mutagenic or carcinogenic. For handling, use PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), work in a fume hood, avoid inhalation of dust.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium (Sodium (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate; CAS# 13613-65-5) is a research-grade ketone body supplement used in metabolic and neurological research. It is not an FDA-approved drug (it is available as a dietary supplement). It is used in studies of epilepsy, ketogenic diets, and neurodegenerative diseases. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Purity: ≥98%. Storage: room temperature, sealed.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H7NAO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
126.09
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| Exact Mass |
126.029
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| CAS # |
13613-65-5
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| Related CAS # |
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-13C2 sodium;202114-54-3;(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-13C4 sodium;2483735-72-2;(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid,3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-13C sodium;(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-d3 sodium;(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (sodium) (Standard);13613-65-5
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| PubChem CID |
23679703
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
269.2ºCat 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
149-155ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
121ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.000979mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
73.7
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
[Na+].O([H])[C@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C(=O)[O-]
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| InChi Key |
NBPUSGBJDWCHKC-AENDTGMFSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c1-3(5)2-4(6)7;/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoate
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| Synonyms |
(R)-(-)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium salt; (R)-(-)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~793.08 mM; with ultrasonication)
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~396.54 mM; with ultrasonication (<60°C)) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.83 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 400 μL PEG300, mix well; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above system, mix well; then continue to add 450 μL of normal saline to make up to 1 mL. Preparation of normal saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in ddH₂O and make up to 100 mL to obtain a clear and transparent normal saline solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.83 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline solution and mix well. 2 g SBE-β-CD (sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin) powder is diluted to 10 mL of saline and completely dissolved until clear and transparent. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.83 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 900 μL corn oil and mix well. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (793.08 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution; with sonication. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9308 mL | 39.6542 mL | 79.3084 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5862 mL | 7.9308 mL | 15.8617 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7931 mL | 3.9654 mL | 7.9308 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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