| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite
3-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) targets multiple pathways. It is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and is converted to acetoacetate and then to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, serving as an energy source for the brain and heart. It also acts as a signaling molecule, inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR109A, GPR41). BHB also modulates membrane lipid properties and has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. It does not bind to a single receptor but has pleiotropic effects. |
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| ln Vitro |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium) is able to interact with lipids (modeled using a DPPC monolayer) and alter phase behavior at clinical concentrations. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium also reduces the interfacial viscosity of DPPC monolayers [1].
In vitro, 3-hydroxybutyric acid sodium (0.1-10 mM) is used as a substrate for energy metabolism in cell culture. It protects primary neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. It also inhibits HDAC activity (IC₅0 ~ 5 mM) and increases histone acetylation. The compound modulates the properties of membrane lipids in a DPPC monolayer model. It is not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 20 mM. It is an endogenous metabolite and is generally safe. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 3-hydroxybutyric acid sodium is used as a ketogenic supplement to induce ketosis. It has been studied for the treatment of epilepsy, particularly refractory childhood epilepsy (ketogenic diet). It also shows potential for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer‘s, Parkinson‘s) and as an energy substrate for sports nutrition. In animal models, it reduces seizure frequency, improves cognitive function, and reduces oxidative stress. It is also used as a therapeutic agent in metabolic disorders such as MCAD deficiency.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate can be measured by an enzymatic assay using 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). The reaction mixture contains 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5), 1 mM NAD+, and the sample. The reduction of NAD+ to NADH is measured at 340 nm. A standard curve is prepared with authentic sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate. For HDAC inhibition, nuclear extracts are incubated with a fluorogenic HDAC substrate (Ac-Lys(Ac)-AMC) and varying concentrations of BHB (1-20 mM). The fluorescence is measured at λex 360 nm, λem 460 nm. The IC₅0 is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based assays, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are seeded in 96-well plates (1×10⁴ cells/well) and treated with 3-hydroxybutyric acid sodium (0.1-20 mM) for 24-48 h. Cell viability is measured by MTT assay. The CC₅0 is >20 mM. For neuroprotection, cells are pretreated with BHB (1-10 mM) for 1 h, then exposed to glutamate (10 mM) or H2O2 (100 uM) for 24 h. Viability is measured, and ROS levels are quantified using DCFH-DA. BHB reduces cell death and ROS production.
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| Animal Protocol |
For anticonvulsant efficacy in the pilocarpine-induced seizure model, male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g, n=10/group) are administered 3-hydroxybutyric acid sodium (1 g/kg, IP) 30 min before pilocarpine (300 mg/kg, IP). The latency to seizure onset and the number of seizures are recorded. BHB significantly increases latency and reduces seizure severity. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer‘s disease, oral administration of BHB sodium (1.5 g/kg/day in drinking water) for 3 months improves performance in the Morris water maze and reduces amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium is a small, water-soluble molecule (MW 126.09). Following oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract via MCTs. Peak plasma levels are reached within 30-60 minutes. The half-life in humans and rodents is approximately 2-4 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and heart to acetyl-CoA. Excretion is minimal; it is cleared by metabolism. For research use, it is stored at room temperature, protected from moisture.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium has low toxicity. The oral LD₅0 in rats is >5000 mg/kg. It is a normal metabolite and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a food ingredient. At high doses, it can cause metabolic alkalosis and diarrhea. It is not mutagenic or carcinogenic. For handling, use PPE (gloves, lab coat, goggles), work in a fume hood, avoid inhalation of dust.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (Sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate; CAS# 150-83-4) is a research-grade ketone body standard. It is not an FDA-approved drug but is available as a dietary supplement. It is used in research on epilepsy, ketogenic diets, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. For research use only, not for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C4H7NAO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
126.09
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| Exact Mass |
126.029
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| CAS # |
150-83-4
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| Related CAS # |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid-13C4 sodium,3-Hydroxybutyric acid,3-Hydroxybutyric acid-d2 sodium,3-Hydroxybutyric acid-13C2 sodium
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| PubChem CID |
23676771
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
269.2ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
165-167ºC
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| Flash Point |
121ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.000979mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
8
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| Complexity |
73.7
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC(CC(=O)[O-])O.[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
NBPUSGBJDWCHKC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c1-3(5)2-4(6)7;/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium 3-hydroxybutanoate
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| Synonyms |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~25 mg/mL (~198.27 mM; with ultrasonication (<60°C))
DMSO : ~16.67 mg/mL (~132.21 mM; with ultrasonication (<60°C)) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 32.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 400 μL PEG300, mix well; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above system, mix well; then continue to add 450 μL of normal saline to make up to 1 mL. Preparation of normal saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in ddH₂O and make up to 100 mL to obtain a clear and transparent normal saline solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 32.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline solution and mix well. 2 g SBE-β-CD (sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin) powder is diluted to 10 mL of saline and completely dissolved until clear and transparent. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM)(saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 32.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 900 μL corn oil and mix well. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (793.08 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one),clear solution;with sonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 32.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution and add it to 900 μL corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.9308 mL | 39.6542 mL | 79.3084 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5862 mL | 7.9308 mL | 15.8617 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7931 mL | 3.9654 mL | 7.9308 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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