| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| Targets |
AMPKα2β1γ1 (activator). The compound is a triterpenoid saponin metabolite with multiple biological activities. It exhibits anti-tumor activity and cytotoxicity, and potently inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori. It also antagonizes ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) transporter function, overcoming multi-drug resistance.
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| ln Vitro |
PPD exhibits anti-tumor activity and cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. It potently inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori. As an AMPK activator, it modulates cellular energy metabolism. The compound has been shown to overcome multi-drug resistance by antagonizing ABCB1 transporter function. Additional biological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The compound demonstrates activity in various in vitro models of cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, PPD exhibits anti-tumor activity in various cancer models. Its AMPK activating properties suggest potential metabolic benefits. The compound's ability to overcome multi-drug resistance by antagonizing ABCB1 transporter function has been demonstrated. As a ginseng metabolite, it may contribute to the pharmacological effects of ginseng preparations. Studies have shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in animal models. The compound is being investigated for its potential in cancer therapy and as a chemosensitizer.
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| Enzyme Assay |
AMPK activation assays are performed using recombinant AMPK enzyme complexes (α2β1γ1) expressed in mammalian cells. The enzyme is incubated with the substrate (SAMS peptide or ACC peptide) and [γ-32P]ATP or fluorescently labeled ATP in kinase buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT). The reaction is incubated at 30°C for 30 minutes. Phosphorylated substrate is quantified by scintillation counting or fluorescence polarization. Test compounds are serially diluted and added to the reaction mixture. EC50 values are determined by non-linear regression. ABCB1 transporter inhibition is assessed using fluorescent substrate accumulation assays.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular activity is evaluated in cancer cell lines (e.g., MCF-7, HeLa, A549) and cells expressing ABCB1 transporters. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with PPD at various concentrations (0.1-100 μM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT, CCK-8, or CellTiter-Glo assays. AMPK phosphorylation (Thr172) and downstream targets (ACC, mTOR) are measured by Western blotting. For multi-drug resistance studies, intracellular accumulation of fluorescent substrates (e.g., rhodamine 123, doxorubicin) is measured by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis is assessed by Annexin V/PI staining and caspase activity assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy is evaluated in xenograft mouse models using human cancer cell lines. PPD is administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses typically ranging from 10-100 mg/kg. Tumor growth is monitored by caliper measurements. At study endpoint, tumors are harvested for histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical assays. For anti-inflammatory studies, animal models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema or DSS-induced colitis are used. Neuroprotective effects are evaluated in models of neurodegeneration or cerebral ischemia. Body weight, clinical signs, and organ weights are monitored. Sample sizes typically range from 6-10 animals per group.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Solubility: soluble in chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, DMSO, acetone, and methanol. Density: 1.036 g/cm3. Boiling point: 559.5±40.0°C. LogP: 6.5. Storage: powder at -20°C for up to 3 years. The compound is a white powder. Bioavailability is limited by poor aqueous solubility, typical of triterpenoid compounds. Formulation strategies include use of surfactants, lipid-based delivery systems, or cyclodextrin complexes to enhance oral absorption.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Limited toxicology data are publicly available. PPD is a natural product-derived compound with a long history of use in traditional medicine as part of ginseng preparations. It is generally considered to have low toxicity at moderate doses. Standard toxicology studies would include acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments, genotoxicity screening, and reproductive toxicity evaluation. The compound's ability to modulate ABCB1 function suggests potential drug-drug interaction risks. No clinical trials for PPD as a single agent have been reported.
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| References |
[4]. A 20(S)-protopanoxadiol derivative overcomes multi-drug resistance by antagonizing ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 transporter function. Oncotarget. 2016 Feb 23;7(8):9388-403. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7011. PubMed PMID: 26824187; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4891047. |
| Additional Infomation |
(20R)-Protopanaxadiol is a diastereomer of protopanaxadiol, in which a 20-hydroxyl substituent is introduced at the pro-R position. It has been reported that ginseng contains 20(R)-protopanaxadiol, and relevant data are available for reference.
PPD is also known as (20R)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 metabolite. It is a diastereomer of protopanaxadiol with a 20-hydroxyl substituent at the pro-R position. The compound is derived from ginseng and has been studied for its various biological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective effects. It overcomes multi-drug resistance by antagonizing ABCB1 transporter function. No clinical trials or regulatory approvals have been reported. |
| Molecular Formula |
C30H52O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
460.7321
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| Exact Mass |
460.392
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| CAS # |
7755-01-3
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| PubChem CID |
9920281
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.036 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
559.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
226.1ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.528
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| LogP |
6.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
33
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| Complexity |
783
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
CC(=CCC[C@](C)([C@H]1CC[C@@]2([C@@H]1[C@@H](C[C@H]3[C@]2(CC[C@@H]4[C@@]3(CC[C@@H](C4(C)C)O)C)C)O)C)O)C
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| InChi Key |
PYXFVCFISTUSOO-HKUCOEKDSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C30H52O3/c1-19(2)10-9-14-30(8,33)20-11-16-29(7)25(20)21(31)18-23-27(5)15-13-24(32)26(3,4)22(27)12-17-28(23,29)6/h10,20-25,31-33H,9,11-18H2,1-8H3/t20-,21+,22-,23+,24-,25-,27-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2S)-2-Hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,12-diol
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| Synonyms |
PPD 20(S)-Protopanoxadiol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~20 mg/mL (~43.41 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2 mg/mL (4.34 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2 mg/mL (4.34 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2 mg/mL (4.34 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1705 mL | 10.8523 mL | 21.7047 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4341 mL | 2.1705 mL | 4.3409 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2170 mL | 1.0852 mL | 2.1705 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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