Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
---|---|---|---|
5mg |
|
||
10mg |
|
||
25mg |
|
||
50mg |
|
||
100mg |
|
||
250mg |
|
||
500mg |
|
||
Other Sizes |
|
Purity: ≥98%
Pomaglumetad (LY404039; LY-404039; LY-404,039; LY404,039) is a novel and potent agonist of recombinant human mGlu2/mGlu3 receptors with the potential for the treatment of Schizophrenia. It activates mGlu2/mGlu3 receptors with Ki values of 149 nM/92 nM, and exhibits >100-fold selectivity for mGlu2/mGlu3 over ionotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and other receptors. The inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation has indicated that LY404039 was a nanomolar potent agonist of human mGlu2 (EC50 = 23 nM) and mGlu3 (EC50 = 48 nM) receptors.
Targets |
mGlu2 Receptor (Ki = 149 nM); hmGluR3 (Ki = 92 nM)
|
||
---|---|---|---|
ln Vitro |
In rats with neurons expressing native mGlu2/3 receptors (Ki=88 nM), Pomaglumetad/LY404039 is a nanomolar potent agonist [1]. Functioning as a potent inhibitor of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation, LY404039 acts on cells that express human mGlu2 (EC50=23 nM) and mGlu3 (EC50=48 nM) receptors [1]. According to electrophysiological research, LY404039 suppresses serotonin-induced L-glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex and electrically evoked excitatory activity in the striatum. LY404039 exhibits a maximum inhibition of 85.6% at 1 μM, effectively suppressing the frequency of 5-HT-induced excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) with an EC50 of 82.3 nM [1]. LY404039 blocks the human cloned D2 receptor from binding to the D2-specific antagonist [3H]domperidone, with a dissociation constant of 8.2 nM for high D2 and 1640 nM for low D2. The dissociation constants of LY404039 were determined using rat striatal tissue, and they were 12.6 nM at D2 high and 2100 nM at D2 low [2].
Similar to LY354740, Pomaglumetad/LY404039 is a nanomolar potent agonist at recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors (Ki = 149 and 92, respectively) and in rat neurons expressing native mGlu2/3 receptors (Ki = 88). LY404039 is highly selective for mGlu2/3 receptors, showing more than 100-fold selectivity for these receptors, versus ionotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and other receptors targeted by known anxiolytic and antipsychotic medications. Functionally, LY404039 potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in cells expressing human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors. Electrophysiological studies indicated that LY404039 suppressed electrically evoked excitatory activity in the striatum, and serotonin-induced l-glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex; effects reversed by LY341495. [1] The dissociation constants of 8.2 nM and 12.6 nM for Pomaglumetad/LY404039 at D2High (which is the functional state for D2; Seeman, 2006), is lower than the dissociation constants of 92 nM–149 nM for LY404039 at the human metabotropic-2 and -3 glutamate receptors (Rorick-Kehn et al., 2007), indicating that D2High receptors would be occupied at clinical doses that occupy the glutamate receptors. |
||
ln Vivo |
LY404039/Pomaglumetad reduces hyperkinesis brought on by amphetamines (3–30 mg/kg) and phencyclidines (10 mg/kg), respectively. The conditioned avoidance responses are inhibited by LY404039 (3–10 mg/kg). Additionally, marble burying in mice (3–10 mg/kg) and fear-potentiated startle in rats (3–30 μg/kg) are both decreased by LY404039, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Additionally, LY404039 (10 mg/kg) enhances serotonin and dopamine release/turnover in the prefrontal cortex [3]. Exposure increased proportionately with the dose after LY404039 was given orally to fasting rats at doses of 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg. In rats treated with LY404039 (10 mg/kg; po), the Cmax was 1528.5 ng/mL and the Tmax was 2 hours [1].
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist with improved bioavailability (Pomaglumetad/LY404039) in animal models predictive of antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy. Materials and methods: Pomaglumetad/LY404039 was assessed in amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion, conditioned avoidance responding, fear-potentiated startle, marble burying, and rotarod behavioral tests. Monoamine release and turnover were assessed using microdialysis and ex vivo tissue levels. Results: Pomaglumetad/LY404039 attenuated amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion (3-30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (3-10 mg/kg) inhibited conditioned avoidance responding. LY404039 also reduced fear-potentiated startle in rats (3-30 microg/kg) and marble burying in mice (3-10 mg/kg), indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Importantly, LY404039 did not produce sedative effects or motor impairment as measured by rotarod performance and lack of escape failures in the conditioned avoidance task (at doses up to 30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (10 mg/kg) also increased dopamine and serotonin release/turnover in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the broad preclinical efficacy of Pomaglumetad/LY404039 across multiple animal models of antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy. Additionally, this compound modulates mesocortical neurotransmission and provides a novel mechanism for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that may be associated with improved efficacy and reduced incidence of undesirable side effects. As glutamatergic dysfunction has been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia, clinical studies with more potent mGlu2/3 agonists, such as LY404039, may be useful to explore the validity of this hypothesis. [3] |
||
Enzyme Assay |
Receptor Binding Assays. [1]
Cell lines expressing human mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu1a, mGlu5a, mGlu4a, mGlu6, mGlu7a, and mGlu8 receptors were derived as described previously (Schoepp et al., 1997) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 1 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 mg/ml Geneticin, and 0.2 mg/ml hygromycin B. Confluent cultures were passaged weekly. These cells are referred to as rat glutamate transporter (RGT)... |
||
Animal Protocol |
|
||
ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
LY404039/Pomaglumetad demonstrated higher plasma exposure and better oral bioavailability in pharmacokinetic experiments. [1]
Due to the poor oral bioavailability of previous generation mGlu2/3 receptor agonists, we discovered LY404039/Pomaglumetad, a novel agent with improved potency and bioavailability (Monn et al. 2007) that represents a potentially viable clinical investigational tool. [3] |
||
References |
|
||
Additional Infomation |
LY404039/Pomaglumetad is an organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1S,5R)-2-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying oxo, oxo, amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 2, 2, 4S, 4S, and 6S, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 mGluR3 (Ki = 149 nM and 92 nM, respectively) and exhibits antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy in animal models. It has a role as a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, an antipsychotic agent, an anxiolytic drug and a dopamine agonist. It is a dicarboxylic acid, a bridged compound, an organic heterobicyclic compound, a sulfone and a non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative.
Receptor Binding Assays. Group II mGlu receptor binding affinities for LY354740 and Pomaglumetad/LY404039 were determined by displacement of specific [3H]LY341495 binding in RGT cells expressing recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes and in cortical tissue prepared from rat forebrain under conditions selectively labeling group II mGlu receptors. As shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2, both LY354740 and LY404039 displaced [3H]LY341495 binding with nanomolar potencies: (LY354740: mGlu2, Ki = 99 ± 7 nM; The current report details the in vitro pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile of a structurally novel group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist Pomaglumetad/LY404039. We report here that, similar to LY354740 (Schoepp et al., 1997), LY404039 is a nanomolar potent agonist at recombinant human mGlu2/3 receptors and in rat neurons expressing native mGlu2/3 receptors. Also similar to LY354740, LY404039 is highly selective for mGlu2/3 receptors, showing virtually no affinity for group I or group III... [1] The clinical data show that 80 mg of Pomaglumetad/LY404039 twice per day did not reduce the clinical symptoms more than the placebo, while the comparator drug olanzapine reduced the positive symptoms and the negative signs (Kinon et al., 2011; Seeman, 2012). The dissociation constant of 8.2 nM at the D2High receptor indicates that LY404039 is weaker than aripiprazole, which has a dissociation constant of 0.2 nM at D2High (Seeman, 2008). Nevertheless, LY404039 may act as a partial agonist. In discussions on LY404039, it is essential to avoid comparisons with the pharmacology of related LY congeners, because of the different selectivities that each drug has for various receptors. Finally, it should be noted that the removal of the metabotropic-2 or -3 glutamate receptors leads to behavioural and biochemical dopamine supersensitivity (Seeman et al., 2009), indicating that an underactive glutamate neurotransmission is intimately associated with dopamine hyperactivity. [2] LY404039/Pomaglumetad resulted from an effort to discover selective, potent, orally active mGlu2/3 receptor agonists for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we demonstrated that oral administration of LY404039 produced antipsychotic- and anxiolytic-like effects in several animal models and increased monoamine turnover and release in the prefrontal cortex at lower oral doses than those previously reported for LY354740. Specifically, while LY354740 failed to reverse PCP-induced hyperlocomotion at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg (Rorick-Kehn et al. 2006), LY404039 was effective at doses as low as 1 mg/kg when administered orally (Monn et al. 2007). Using another model of schizophrenia, we report here that LY404039 effectively reversed amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg. In previous experiments, parenteral routes were required to observe anxiolytic effects with LY354740 (Rorick-Kehn et al. 2006), whereas the current results demonstrate oral anxiolytic-like effects at a dose of 3 μg/kg in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, demonstrating markedly improved oral potency in vivo. The increased bioavailability observed in rats (63%) relative to LY354740 (~10%; Monn et al. 2007; Johnson et al. 2002) suggests that LY404039 may be an attractive candidate for clinical development in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although not addressed in the current experiments, the relative contribution of mGlu2 versus mGlu3 receptors is an issue that should be examined in future studies, particularly as more selective ligands are discovered. For example, a recent report demonstrated that an mGlu2 receptor potentiator produced behavioral effects similar to those produced by mGlu2/3 receptor agonists in animal models predictive of antipsychotic efficacy, suggesting that mGlu2 receptors may be primarily responsible for the behavioral effects (Galici et al. 2005). Further support is provided by the demonstration that the racemate of LY354740 reversed PCP-induced hyperlocomotion in wild-type, but not mGlu2 receptor knock-out mice (Spooren et al. 2000). Whether the activation of mGlu3 receptors further contributes to the in vivo efficacy of group II mGlu agonists requires further exploration. Pathological glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in limbic and cortical areas is hypothesized to underlie the production of both positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients (Goldman-Rakic 1999; Heresco-Levy 2005). Stress and anxiety disorders are also associated with altered glutamatergic activity in limbic and cortical regions (Bergink et al. 2004; Moghaddam 2002). Many clinically effective antipsychotics are believed to alleviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by reducing mesolimbic dopamine release and concomitantly increasing dopamine activity in mesocortical pathways (Goldman-Rakic 1999; Heresco-Levy 2005). However, recent experiments support the contention that the most effective atypical antipsychotics do not work solely through the dopaminergic system, but rather interact through a broad class of neurotransmitter systems (Heresco-Levy 2005; Krystal et al. 2005b). Anxiolytics produce their effects by increasing inhibitory activity in the brain, but a converse approach is to decrease excessive central excitatory activity through modulatory metabotropic glutamatergic mechanisms (Swanson et al. 2005). Described herein is a demonstration of the broad preclinical efficacy of the structurally novel, potent selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist Pomaglumetad/LY404039. The results also indicate that Pomaglumetad/LY404039 modulates mesocortical glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission and, in doing so, may provide a novel mechanism for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that is associated with improved efficacy and reduced incidence of undesirable side effects. As glutamatergic dysfunction has been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia, clinical studies with more potent mGlu2/3 agonists, such as LY404039, may be useful to explore the validity of this hypothesis in the clinic. [3] The current treatment of schizophrenia by antipsychotics is based on their ability to interfere with the neurotransmission of dopamine (Seeman, 2006). In fact, the clinical daily doses of antipsychotics and their therapeutic concentrations in the spinal fluid can be precisely predicted by their dissociation constants at the cloned dopamine D2 receptor and by the calculation to occupy between 60% and 80% of the human brain D2 receptors (Seeman, 2006). These data suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a hyperactive neurotransmission of dopamine. It has also been suggested, however, that schizophrenia may be based on an underactive glutamate neurotransmission, based on the observation that phencyclidine, a glutamate antagonist, can elicit temporary psychosis. Based on this hypoglutamate hypothesis, Patil et al. (2007) effectively treated schizophrenia patients with a glutamate receptor agonist, pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023, the parent substance of which is Pomaglumetad/LY404039). A subsequent clinical trial of LY2140023 on schizophrenia patients, however, was “inconclusive” as to the drug's efficacy (Kinon et al., 2011; see also Kinon and Gómez, 2012). Considering that LY404039 was the first apparently non-dopamine-interfering effective drug for psychosis, it was important to test whether LY404039 was indeed free of anti-dopamine action. It was found that LY404039 inhibited the binding of the D2-specific antagonist, [3H]domperidone, to the human cloned D2 receptor with dissociation constants of 8.2 nM at D2High and 1640 nM at D2Low (Fig. 1; Seeman and Guan, 2009). Using rat striatal tissue, LY404039 had dissociation constants of 12.6 nM at D2High and 2100 nM at D2Low. The addition of guanilylimidodiphosphate eliminated the high-affinity component, consistent with an expected agonist action at the D2 receptor. Moreover, the drug stimulated the incorporation of [35S]GTP-γ-S into the tissue (Fig. 1, bottom), as expected for an agonist. [1] |
Molecular Formula |
C7H9NO6S
|
|
---|---|---|
Molecular Weight |
235.22
|
|
Exact Mass |
235.015
|
|
Elemental Analysis |
C, 35.75; H, 3.86; N, 5.96; O, 40.81; S, 13.63
|
|
CAS # |
635318-11-5
|
|
Related CAS # |
|
|
PubChem CID |
9834591
|
|
Appearance |
White to gray solid powder
|
|
Density |
1.9±0.1 g/cm3
|
|
Boiling Point |
600.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
|
Flash Point |
316.8±31.5 °C
|
|
Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.7 mmHg at 25°C
|
|
Index of Refraction |
1.661
|
|
LogP |
-2.02
|
|
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
|
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
|
|
Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
|
Heavy Atom Count |
15
|
|
Complexity |
451
|
|
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
|
SMILES |
C1[C@]([C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]2S1(=O)=O)C(=O)O)(C(=O)O)N
|
|
InChi Key |
AVDUGNCTZRCAHH-MDASVERJSA-N
|
|
InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H9NO6S/c8-7(6(11)12)1-15(13,14)4-2(3(4)7)5(9)10/h2-4H,1,8H2,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t2-,3-,4+,7+/m1/s1
|
|
Chemical Name |
(1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-2,2-dioxo-2λ6-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid
|
|
Synonyms |
LY-404039; LY 404039; 635318-11-5; LY404039; Pomaglumetad; LY-404039; (1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-Amino-2-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid 2,2-dioxide; LY 404039; UNII-531QUG7P9E; 531QUG7P9E; Pomaglumetad;LY404039; LY-404,039; LY404,039; LY 404,039
|
|
HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
|
Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
|
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
Solubility (In Vitro) |
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2 mg/mL (8.50 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).
Solubility in Formulation 2: 30% propylene glycol, 5% Tween 80, 65% D5W: 30 mg/mL  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 4.2513 mL | 21.2567 mL | 42.5134 mL | |
5 mM | 0.8503 mL | 4.2513 mL | 8.5027 mL | |
10 mM | 0.4251 mL | 2.1257 mL | 4.2513 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
NCT03106571 | Terminated | Drug: Pomaglumetad methionil Drug: Placebo Drug: Methamphetamine |
Methamphetamine Use Disorder | University of California, Los Angeles | August 1, 2017 | Phase 1 |
NCT01487083 | Terminated | Drug: Pomaglumetad methionil | Schizophrenia | Eli Lilly and Company | December 2011 | Phase 3 |
NCT02919774 | Completed | Drug: POMA Drug: placebo |
Healthy Controls | New York State Psychiatric Institute | October 2016 | Phase 1 |
NCT02234687 | Terminated Has Results | Drug: Pomaglumetad Methionil 160mg Drug: Pomaglumetad Methionil 40mg Drug: Placebo |
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | NYU Langone Health | September 2014 | Phase 1 |
NCT01606436 | Completed Has Results | Drug: LY2140023 Drug: Placebo Drug: Moxifloxacin |
Schizophrenic Disorders | Denovo Biopharma LLC | June 2012 | Phase 1 |