| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
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| Targets |
The molecular targets of Polygalic acid are diverse, reflecting its multiple biological activities. It has been reported to inhibit cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down cAMP, thereby potentially increasing intracellular cAMP levels and modulating signaling pathways. It also inhibits aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in the polyol pathway that is implicated in diabetic complications. These enzyme inhibitory activities may contribute to its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Polygalic acid has been shown to have strong expectorant effects and may enhance physical and mental performance in animals. Its anti-mutagenic activity has also been reported. The compound's diverse targets make it a valuable tool for studying multiple biological pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
Polygalic acid demonstrates a range of in vitro activities. It has been shown to have strong expectorant effects, likely through its ability to stimulate respiratory tract secretions. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase, which may contribute to its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects. The compound also inhibits aldose reductase, suggesting potential benefits in diabetic complications. Furthermore, Polygalic acid has been reported to have anti-mutagenic activity and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Its physicochemical properties include a molecular weight of 488.66 g/mol, a LogP of 5.023, and a melting point of 299-301°C.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Polygalic acid has been studied for its pharmacological effects. It has been shown to enhance physical and mental performance in animals, suggesting potential cognitive-enhancing effects. Its expectorant properties have been demonstrated in vivo, supporting its traditional use for respiratory conditions. The compound's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects have also been observed in animal models. However, detailed in vivo studies, including pharmacokinetics and efficacy in specific disease models, are needed to fully characterize its therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Polygalic acid are performed to measure its inhibitory activity against specific enzymes. For cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibition, the enzyme is incubated with cAMP and varying concentrations of the compound, and the production of AMP is measured. For aldose reductase inhibition, the enzyme is incubated with a substrate (e.g., DL-glyceraldehyde) and NADPH, and the decrease in NADPH absorbance at 340 nm is monitored. The IC₅₀ values for enzyme inhibition are calculated from dose-response curves. These assays provide a quantitative measure of the compound's activity against specific molecular targets.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Polygalic acid are used to study its effects on cell viability, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Neuronal cell lines (e.g., PC12, SH-SY5Y) are treated with the compound, and cell viability is measured using MTT or CCK-8 assays. Neuroprotective effects are assessed by exposing cells to neurotoxic agents (e.g., glutamate, amyloid-beta) in the presence or absence of the compound and measuring cell death. Anti-inflammatory activity is evaluated in macrophages or microglia by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) after LPS stimulation. These assays help to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of the compound's biological activities.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Polygalic acid are typically conducted in models of cognitive impairment, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. For cognitive studies, the compound is administered to rodents, and cognitive function is assessed using behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze or the passive avoidance test. For anti-inflammatory studies, models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema or LPS-induced sepsis are used. For neuroprotection, models of Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid-beta injection) or Parkinson's disease (e.g., MPTP administration) are employed. Endpoints include behavioral performance, biochemical markers (e.g., cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers), and histopathological analysis of brain tissue.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Polygalic acid have been studied in rats using HPLC-ESI-MSn. As a triterpenoid saponin with a molecular weight of 488.66 g/mol and a high LogP of 5.023, it is expected to have moderate lipophilicity. It is soluble in DMSO at ~100 mg/mL. For in vivo administration, it can be formulated in various vehicles. The compound is stable as a powder at -20°C for up to three years and requires protection from light. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters, such as half-life, clearance, and oral bioavailability, are not specified in the available sources.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Polygalic acid is not extensively documented. As a natural product derived from a plant used in traditional medicine, it is generally considered to have a favorable safety profile. However, it has been reported to have strong hemolytic activity, which could be a concern for intravenous administration. Systematic toxicity studies, including acute, subchronic, and genotoxicity testing, would be required for its development as a therapeutic agent. For laboratory handling, standard safety precautions for research chemicals should be observed. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic or diagnostic use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Polymeric florid acid is a 12α-hydroxysteroid compound. It has been reported that daisies (Bellis perennis) contain polymeric florid acid, and relevant data is available for reference.
Polygalic acid is a natural triterpenoid saponin and a major active constituent of Polygala tenuifolia, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is also known as senegenin. The compound has a molecular formula of C₂₉H₄₄O₆ and a molecular weight of approximately 488.66 g/mol. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, expectorant, and anti-mutagenic activities. Polygalic acid is supplied as a white to off-white solid powder with a purity of ≥98%. It is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C29H44O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
488.661
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| Exact Mass |
488.314
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| CAS # |
1260-04-4
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| PubChem CID |
12442765
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.25
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| Melting Point |
299-301℃
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| LogP |
5.023
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
35
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| Complexity |
984
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
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| SMILES |
C[C@@]12CC[C@@H]3[C@@]([C@H]1CCC4=C2CC[C@@]5([C@H]4CC(CC5)(C)C)C(=O)O)(C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@]3(C)C(=O)O)O)O)C
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| InChi Key |
VZRKWGPIZJDNHC-LUNVCWBOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C29H44O6/c1-25(2)12-13-29(24(34)35)11-8-17-16(18(29)14-25)6-7-20-26(17,3)10-9-21-27(20,4)15-19(30)22(31)28(21,5)23(32)33/h18-22,30-31H,6-15H2,1-5H3,(H,32,33)(H,34,35)/t18-,19-,20-,21+,22-,26-,27+,28-,29+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,4aR,6aR,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-2,3-dihydroxy-4,6a,11,11,14b-pentamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4,8a-dicarboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~204.64 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (12.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.12 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.12 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0464 mL | 10.2321 mL | 20.4641 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4093 mL | 2.0464 mL | 4.0928 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2046 mL | 1.0232 mL | 2.0464 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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