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| Targets |
Polygalasaponin V is believed to modulate neurotransmitter systems, protect neurons from oxidative damage, and regulate inflammatory signaling pathways. While its exact molecular targets are not fully defined, studies suggest it interacts with key components of these pathways to exert its therapeutic effects. It has evident anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic activities.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Polygalasaponin V has demonstrated neuroprotective effects by protecting neurons from oxidative stress and damage. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways. Furthermore, it has shown anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines in culture.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Polygalasaponin V has been studied for its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant effects. It has shown anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic activities in animal models. Its ability to modulate neurotransmitter systems and protect neurons makes it a promising compound for neurological and pharmacological research.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for Polygalasaponin V vary depending on the activity being studied. For neuroprotection, neuronal cells are treated with the compound and then exposed to a neurotoxic insult, such as oxidative stress. Cell viability is assessed using assays like MTT. For anti-inflammatory activity, immune cells are treated with the compound and then stimulated, and the production of inflammatory cytokines is measured by ELISA.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays are performed using relevant cell lines to study the compound's specific activities. For example, neuronal cell lines like SH-SY5Y are used to study neuroprotection. Immune cells like macrophages are used to study anti-inflammatory effects. Cancer cell lines are used to study its anticancer activity. Cells are treated with Polygalasaponin V, and various endpoints are measured.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies are conducted in animal models. For neuroprotection, models of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's might be used. For anxiolytic effects, behavioral tests like the elevated plus maze are employed. The compound is typically administered orally or intraperitoneally, and its effects on behavior, biochemistry, and histology are assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Polygalasaponin V has a molecular weight of 1223.35 g/mol and a chemical formula of C58H94O27. As a large, highly glycosylated triterpenoid saponin, its oral bioavailability is expected to be low. It is poorly soluble in water (1.6e-3 g/L at 25°C). Its pharmacokinetic properties, such as absorption and metabolism, are typical of saponins.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Polygalasaponin V has a relatively safe dose range. In traditional medicine, the plant Polygala japonica has been used safely. However, as a purified compound, its toxicological profile needs to be fully characterized. Preclinical studies would involve standard toxicology assessments to determine its safety margin.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxetane-2-yl]oxyoxetane-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane-2-yl] It has been reported that Polygalaxanthone tenuifolia contains (4aS The compound is 6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxacyclohexane-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecanoyl-4a-carboxylic acid ester, and relevant data are available.
Polygalasaponin V is a natural product and a triterpenoid saponin. It is a promising compound for research into neurological disorders due to its neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and sedative-hypnotic properties. Its traditional use as an anti-inflammatory and antidepressant agent further supports its potential as a therapeutic lead. |
| Molecular Formula |
C58H94O27
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1223.35076
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| Exact Mass |
1222.598
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| CAS # |
162857-65-0
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| PubChem CID |
102004865
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.649
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| LogP |
1.94
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
16
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
27
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
15
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| Heavy Atom Count |
85
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| Complexity |
2390
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
32
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]2OC(=O)[C@@]34CC[C@@]5(C(=CC[C@H]6[C@]5(CC[C@@H]7[C@@]6(C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@]7(C)CO)O[C@H]8[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O8)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)[C@@H]3CC(CC4)(C)C)C)CO)O)O)O)O[C@H]9[C@@H]([C@](CO9)(CO)O)O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](CO1)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
OIVDEBIGYOTPKV-GGZPVBBKSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C58H94O27/c1-24-41(81-46-38(70)33(65)28(64)20-76-46)42(82-50-44(73)58(75,22-62)23-77-50)40(72)48(78-24)83-43-37(69)35(67)30(19-60)80-49(43)85-51(74)57-14-12-52(2,3)16-26(57)25-8-9-32-53(4)17-27(63)45(84-47-39(71)36(68)34(66)29(18-59)79-47)54(5,21-61)31(53)10-11-56(32,7)55(25,6)13-15-57/h8,24,26-50,59-73,75H,9-23H2,1-7H3/t24-,26-,27-,28+,29+,30+,31+,32+,33-,34+,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,40+,41-,42-,43+,44-,45-,46+,47-,48-,49-,50-,53-,54-,55+,56+,57-,58+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~81.74 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.04 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.04 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.04 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.8174 mL | 4.0871 mL | 8.1743 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1635 mL | 0.8174 mL | 1.6349 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0817 mL | 0.4087 mL | 0.8174 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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