| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
Platycodin D2 targets multiple pathways involved in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. As an immunomodulatory agent, it improves both cellular and humoral immune responses. Its anticancer activity is likely mediated through the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. It also inhibits inflammatory mediators, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Platycodin D2 significantly inhibits the proliferation of five cultured human tumor cell lines: A549 (non-small cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), XF498 (central nervous system), and HCT-15 (colon). It demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities in various cell-based models. The compound's diverse bioactivities make it a subject of extensive pharmacological research.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Platycodin D2 has been shown to improve specific cellular and humoral responses to hepatitis B surface antigen in mice, highlighting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant. Its lower hemolytic activity makes it safer for in vivo use compared to other saponins. It has also been studied for its anticancer and immunomodulatory effects in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell enzyme assays for Platycodin D2 are not standard. Its mechanism is typically studied in cell-based systems. However, its effects on immune cells can be assessed by measuring cytokine production and cell proliferation in response to antigens.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Platycodin D2 use tumor cell lines (e.g., A549, SK-OV-3) to evaluate its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity. For immunomodulatory studies, immune cells are treated with the compound, and the production of cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ) and the expression of surface markers are measured to assess Th1 and Th2 immune responses.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Platycodin D2 employ mouse models to evaluate its immunomodulatory and adjuvant activity. Mice are immunized with an antigen (e.g., hepatitis B surface antigen) in the presence of Platycodin D2, and the specific humoral (antibody titers) and cellular (T-cell proliferation, cytokine production) immune responses are measured. Tumor xenograft models can also be used to study its anticancer efficacy.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Platycodin D2 has a molecular weight of 1387.46 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₆₃H₁₀₂O₃₃. It is a complex saponin with a large molecular weight. It is soluble in DMSO (90 mg/mL). For storage, it should be kept as a powder at -20°C for 3 years or at 4°C for 2 years. As a saponin, it is expected to have poor oral bioavailability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Platycodin D2 is described as a "less hemolytic saponin," indicating it has a better safety profile than many other saponins. In vivo studies have shown it can be safely used as an adjuvant. However, comprehensive toxicological data are limited, and as a potent bioactive compound, it should be handled with care in research settings.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Platycodon saponin D2 is a triterpenoid saponin that acts as a metabolite. Platycodon saponin D2 has been reported in Platycodon grandiflorus, and relevant data are available for reference.
Platycodin D2 is a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum with significant pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is particularly noted for its lower hemolytic activity and its ability to act as a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant. Not approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C63H102O33
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1387.4642
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| Exact Mass |
1386.63
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| CAS # |
66663-90-9
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| PubChem CID |
53317652
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.668
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| LogP |
-0.78
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
20
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
33
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
18
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| Heavy Atom Count |
96
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| Complexity |
2710
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
36
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](CO[C@H]2OC(=O)[C@]34CCC(C[C@H]3C5=CC[C@H]6[C@]([C@@]5(C[C@H]4O)C)(CC[C@@H]7[C@@]6(C[C@@H]([C@@H](C7(CO)CO)O[C@H]8[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O8)CO)O)O[C@H]9[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O9)CO)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)(C)C)O)O)O)O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](CO1)O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@](CO1)(CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
PXQNZQURQNZGKZ-MXNHKPIDSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C63H102O33/c1-24-44(91-50-42(80)45(29(71)19-85-50)92-55-48(82)62(84,22-68)23-87-55)39(77)41(79)51(88-24)94-47-35(73)28(70)18-86-54(47)96-56(83)63-12-11-57(2,3)13-26(63)25-7-8-32-58(4)14-27(69)49(61(20-66,21-67)33(58)9-10-59(32,5)60(25,6)15-34(63)72)95-53-43(81)46(37(75)31(17-65)90-53)93-52-40(78)38(76)36(74)30(16-64)89-52/h7,24,26-55,64-82,84H,8-23H2,1-6H3/t24-,26-,27-,28-,29+,30+,31+,32+,33+,34+,35-,36+,37+,38-,39-,40+,41+,42+,43+,44-,45-,46-,47+,48-,49-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,58+,59+,60+,62+,63+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aR,5R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,11-dihydroxy-9,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,12a-pentamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~72.07 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.7207 mL | 3.6037 mL | 7.2074 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1441 mL | 0.7207 mL | 1.4415 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0721 mL | 0.3604 mL | 0.7207 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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