Pimpinellin shows effective cytotoxic action against three tumor cells: MGC-803, PC3 and A375, with IC50 values of 14.4±0.3 μM, 20.4±0.5 μM and 29.2±0.6 μM respectively. Pimpinellin suppresses the growth of MGC-803 cells by causing tumor cell apoptosis, and the cell apoptosis rate was 27.44% after treatment at 20 μM for 72 hours [1].

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Pimpinellin exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against human tumor cell lines MGC-803 (stomach cancer), PC3 (prostate cancer), and A375 (malignant melanoma) in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 14.4 ± 0.3 µM, 20.4 ± 0.5 µM, and 29.2 ± 0.6 µM, respectively. It showed lower cytotoxicity against the normal mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 (IC₅₀ > 100 µM).
Pimpinellin (20 µM) induced apoptosis in MGC-803 cells, as evidenced by AO/EB staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry analysis. The apoptosis ratio reached 27.44% after 72 hours of treatment.
Treatment with pimpinellin caused morphological changes in MGC-803 cells, including nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, and cell budding, characteristic of apoptosis.
The inhibitory percentages of pimpinellin (20 µM, 72 h) on cell growth were 67.1% for MGC-803, 57.2% for PC3, 45.8% for A375, and 24.8% for NIH3T3. [1]

Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates, treated with various concentrations of pimpinellin or extracts for 72 hours, then incubated with MTT reagent. The formazan product was dissolved, and absorbance was measured at 595 nm.
AO/EB staining was performed to assess apoptosis. Cells grown on coverslips were treated, stained with an AO/EB mixture, and observed under a fluorescence microscope to distinguish live, apoptotic, and dead cells based on nuclear fluorescence color.
Hoechst 33258 staining was used to detect apoptotic nuclei. After treatment, cells were fixed, stained with Hoechst 33258, and observed under a fluorescence microscope. Apoptotic cells exhibited bright, condensed blue nuclei.
TUNEL assay was conducted to detect DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis. Cells were fixed, permeabilized, incubated with TdT enzyme and Biotin-dUTP, followed by streptavidin-HRP and DAB staining. Brown precipitate indicated apoptotic cells.
Apoptosis was quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Cells were harvested, resuspended in binding buffer, stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI, and analyzed to distinguish early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic cells. [1]

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Angelica dahurica root contains angelicin, a medicinal plant widely used in China to treat allergic inflammatory symptoms. Human Studies: Photosensitive skin tests showed that angelicin has phototoxic effects. Spectroscopic studies indicated that its photosensitivity peak is in the 330-335 nm range. It can inhibit the growth of human cancer cells. Furthermore, angelicin can also inhibit tumor cell growth by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Animal Studies: In vitro Candida albicans assays showed that angelicin has phototoxic effects. Angelicin can act as an antagonist of the GABA receptor active protein (L579). Many furanocoumarins' mechanisms of action are based on their ability to form photoadducts with DNA and other cellular components such as RNA, proteins, and membrane proteins, such as phospholipases A2 and C, calcium-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, and epidermal growth factor. Furanocoumarins can insert between DNA base pairs and form cycloadducts (L579) upon UVA irradiation.
Interactions
This article presents a study of the photoreaction in a vitiligo patient. This patient's minimum erythema dose (MED) in the UVB region was approximately one-third that of people with type II skin. Application of furanocoumarins (psoralen) increased the patient's photosensitivity at wavelengths of 300-310 nm by one MED. Spectroscopic studies of furanocoumarin compounds extracted from Heracleum laciniatum showed that their potency order was: bergamot lactone, parsley lactone, angelicin, and carvacrol. Their potency was highest in the 325-350 nm wavelength range, with maximum absorption at 330-335 nm. Parsley lactone was recently found to be phototoxic, while the spectra of carvacrol are reported for the first time.

[1]. Discovery and antitumor activities of constituents from Cyrtomium fortumei (J.) Smith rhizomes. Chem Cent J. 2013 Feb 4;7(1):24.

Pimpinellin is a furanocoumarin. It has been reported to be found in Heracleum dissectum, Angelica dahurica var. formosana, and other organisms with relevant data. Pimpinellin belongs to the furanocoumarin family. Furanocoumarins are phototoxic and photocarcinogenic. They can intercalate into DNA and photochemically induce mutations. Furanocoumarins are phytoalexins, widely found in various vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits. The levels of furanocoumarins in our daily diet are usually far below the levels that cause significant acute phototoxicity, but they can still cause pharmacologically significant drug interactions. Some furanocoumarins have particularly strong activity against cytochrome P450 enzymes. For example, in humans, bergamot and dihydroxybergamot are the culprits of the "grapefruit juice effect," and these furanocoumarins can affect the metabolism of certain drugs.

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Therapeutic Uses
/EXPL THER/ This article reports extracts and components from the aerial parts, fruits, flowers, and roots of Leiotulus dasyanthus, as well as the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of compounds isolated from the roots (bergamot lactone, anisole lactone, umbelliferone, quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol). The phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the samples were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, DPPH method, and TBA method. Anticholinesterase activity was evaluated using the Ellman method. The root methanol extract had the highest total phenolic content (88.6 mg GAE/g DW), while the aerial parts had the lowest (51.83 mg GAE/g DW). Among the isolated secondary metabolites, the coumarin compounds umbelliferone, bergamot lactone, and Pimpinellin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Pimpinellin (66.55%) and umbelliferone (61.09%) showed strong inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, respectively. The dichloromethane extract of the root showed significant inhibitory effects on both acetylcholinesterase (AChE, inhibition rate 49.66%) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, inhibition rate 92.21%) at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The dichloromethane extract of the root has significant antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Further research on the root is crucial for developing applications of this plant in the fields of medicine and food research.

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Pimpinellin is a compound first isolated from the rhizome of parsley (Cyrtomium fortunei (J.) Smith). In vitro experiments showed that it has significant antitumor activity, mainly through inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. [1]

C13H10O5

246.2155

246.052

131-12-4

4825

White to off-white solid powder

1.4±0.1 g/cm3

441.0±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg

119°

220.5±28.7 °C

0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C

1.612

2.06

0

5

2

18

366

0

BQPRWZCEKZLBHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C13H10O5/c1-15-11-7-3-4-9(14)18-10(7)8-5-6-17-12(8)13(11)16-2/h3-6H,1-2H3

5,6-dimethoxyfuro[2,3-h]chromen-2-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~406.14 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.15 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)