diamine oxidase; ROS; NOS/nitric oxide synthase

In A549 cells, Aminoguanidine (100–1000 μM, 24 h) can lessen DOX-induced cellular inflammation and DNA damage [1]. In AR42J cells, aminoguanidine (100 μM, 30 min) can activate ERK and aid in cell rebuilding [1].

---

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum anthracycline that has cardiotoxicity as a major side effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species generations have been proposed to be an important mechanism of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which may be mediated by p53 protein. Aminoguanidine (AG) is an effective antioxidant due to its free radical scavenger activity. A549 lung cell line was incubated with various concentrations of AG (100-1,000 μM) wit/without 0.25 μM DOX for 24 h. The expression of p53 and its transcriptional target p21 were analyzed by Western blot. Apoptosis was analyzed with Annexin V assay. JC1 and H2AX immunofluorescence were used to assess mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage, respectively. This study demonstrated that AG has a dose-dependent antiapoptotic effect on DOX-induced apoptosis. Thus, these data further identify AG as a potential chemopreventive agent to reduce ROS and nitric oxide synthase damage generated by DOX.[1]

---

MDA concentration in cells treated with Aminoguanidine/AG was not different from untreated cells. However, treatment with H2O2 either alone or in combination with AG increased MDA significantly (p<0.05). AG treatment alone induced 3.5 fold activation of pERK-1/2, as compared to 2.5 fold increase with H2O2 alone (p<0.05) as compared to untreated control. The results of ERK activation were confirmed further by its co-localization employing FITC-conjugated ERK antibody. AG -induced maximal cell proliferation occurred at 48 hr. incubation (p<0.05); these values were not significantly different from that of H2O2 treated and control cells. Cell function (CCK-stimulated amylase release) was significantly enhanced by AG (p<0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that in an in-vitro system, Aminoguanidine/AG acts as a pro-oxidant on AR42J cell proliferation and possibly affects the resulting function [2].

A 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of aminoguanidine shields coils from the hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 [3]. Aminoguanidine (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, one dose) in coil to prevent hepatotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide (CP) [3].

---

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Aminoguanidine (AG) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Treatment of mice with CCl4 (20 microl/kg, i.p.) resulted in damage to centrilobular regions of the liver, increase in serum aminotransferase and rise in lipid peroxides level 24 hours after CCl4 administration. Pretreatment of mice with AG (50 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes before CCl4 was found to protect mice from the CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity. This protection was evident from the significant reduction in serum aminotransferase, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and prevention of CCl4-induced hepatic necrosis revealed by histopathology. Aminoguanidine, a relatively specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, did not inhibit the in vitro lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role of nitric oxide as an important mediator of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.[3]

---

Aim: To find out whether Aminoguanidine (AG) protects against CP-induced oxidative stress and renal damage. Method: Renal damage was induced in the rats by administration of a single injection of CP at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. For the Aminoguanidine/AG pretreatment studies, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with AG at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight 1 hour before administration of CP. The control rats received AG or saline alone. All the rats were killed 16 hours after the administration of CP or saline. The kidneys were used for histological examination by light microscopy and biochemical assays--malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content, reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S transferase (GSTase), catalase, glutathione reductase, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Results: Pretreatment with AG attenuated CP-induced renal damage histologically. Pretreatment with AG prevented CP-induced lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, depletion of reduced GSH, and loss of activities of the antioxidant enzymes including GPx, catalase, and GSTase and also MPO activity. Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that Aminoguanidine/AG can prevent CP-induced renal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress. Thus, AG may be useful for prevention of the nephrotoxicity of CP [4].

Apoptosis analysis [1]
Cell Types: A549
Tested Concentrations: 100-1000 μM
Incubation Duration: 24 h
Experimental Results: Shows a protective effect on DOX-induced DNA damage and reduces DOX-induced apoptosis. 2].

---

Cell proliferation assay[2]
Cell Types: AR42J
Tested Concentrations: 100 μM
Incubation Duration: 24-96 hrs (hours)
Experimental Results: Cell proliferation increased Dramatically after 48 hrs (hours) of incubation.

Animal/Disease Models: Male Swiss albino mouse [3]
Doses: 50 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection 30 minutes before CCl4 administration
Experimental Results: Inhibited serum AST levels, protected hepatotoxin-oxidation intermediate and renal damage, and had a protective effect [ 4]. Induces lipid peroxidation.

---

Animal/Disease Models: Adult male Wistar rats [4]
Doses: 200 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection 1 hour before CP injection, and sacrificed 16 hrs (hrs (hours)) after CP injection.
Experimental Results: Attenuated CP-induced MDA elevation and prevented CP-induced protein oxidation. Restored GSH levels and attenuated CP-induced increase in MPO activity.

2146 rat LD50 subcutaneous 1258 mg/kg Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics., 119(444), 1957 [PMID:13417100]
2146 mouse LD50 subcutaneous 963 mg/kg Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics., 119(444), 1957 [PMID:13417100]

[1]. Sabuncuoglu S. Antiapoptotic effect of aminoguanidine on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Sep;394(1-2):129-35.

[2]. Chowdhury P. Aminoguanidine (AG) Induces Induced both Pro- and Antioxidant Effect in AR42J Cells, a Rat Pancreatic Tumor Cell Line. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017 Sep;47(5):572-580. PMID: 29066484.

[3]. Protective effect of aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Life Sci. 2000;66(3):265-70.

[4]. Protective effect of aminoguanidine against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and renal damage in rats. Redox Rep. 2011;16(1):8-14.

Aminoguanidine (AG), a diamine oxidase and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, was used in diabetes, thyroid follicular carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer xenografts and in breast cancer research. The effects of AG on these pathologic conditions may be related to its regulatory effects on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, its role as pro and/or anti-oxidant affecting signaling and function in pancreatic tumor cell lines has not been studied. The current study tested the hypothesis that exposure of AR42J cells to aminoguanidine will induce pro-oxidant effects that may lead to increased proliferation and growth of these cells. Methods: AR42J cells were grown in F-12 nutrient medium in 5% CO2 at 37°C to attain over 90% confluency before being treated with 20 uM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 20 min and 100 uM AG for 30 min separately and in combination. Cell lysates collected from these experiments were measured for formation of lipid peroxides by malondialdehyde (MDA) assay and for activation of phospho-ERK 1/2 signal transduction by Western blotting. The activation of ERK signaling was further confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Effect of ERK1/2 on cell proliferation in response to AG and H2O2 was evaluated by MTT assay while the functional status of AR42J cells was determined by release of amylase following CCK-8 stimulation. [2]

---

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in the treatment of tumors and B-cell malignant disease, such as lymphoma, myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Renal damage is one of the dose-limiting side effects of CP. Oxidative stress is reported to play important roles in CP-induced renal damage.[4]

CH7CLN4

110.545

110.035

C, 10.87; H, 6.38; Cl, 32.07; N, 50.68

1937-19-5

Aminoguanidine hemisulfate;996-19-0; 79-17-4

2734687

White to off-white solid powder

261.4ºC at 760 mmHg

162-166 °C(lit.)

111.9ºC

0.0116mmHg at 25°C

1.036

4

2

0

6

41.6

0

UBDZFAGVPPMTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/CH6N4.ClH/c2-1(3)5-4;/h4H2,(H4,2,3,5);1H

2-aminoguanidine;hydrochloride

GER-11; Aminoguanidine hydrochloride; 1937-19-5; Pimagedine hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride; Pimagedine HCl; Aminoguanidine HCl; Guanylhydrazine hydrochloride; Hydrazinecarboximidamide hydrochloride; YM-585; Pimagedine, MDL-201228

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~904.57 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~904.57 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

---

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

---

View More

Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

---

Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (904.57 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)