| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g | |||
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| Targets |
Pidotimod does not have a single defined molecular target. It acts as an immunomodulator, enhancing immune function. It stimulates the production of certain immune cells and increases the release of cytokines involved in immune regulation. Its immunostimulant properties have been characterized in immunological studies. It enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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| ln Vitro |
Pidotimod demonstrates immunomodulatory activity in vitro. It stimulates the production of immune cells and increases cytokine release. In cell-based assays, it enhances the proliferation and activity of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells. Its effects on immune function have been characterized in various in vitro models. Specific IC50 or EC50 values are not well-defined as it is an immunomodulator rather than a direct enzyme inhibitor.
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| ln Vivo |
Pidotimod (oral gavage; 800 mg/kg; 12 months) was found to be harmless to rats and 600 mg/kg to dogs in animal toxicology investigations. Pidotimod has no effect on embryonic and fetal development in rats (up to 1000 mg/kg/day), nor does it have any teratogenic effects when administered orally at 600 mg/kg or intravenously at 1000 mg/kg. It also has no effect on the perinatal or postnatal phase. no harmful repercussions after childbirth. Rat (orally 600 mg/kg) [1]. Pidotimod (ip; 200 mg/kg; 5 days) increased the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, the reaction to concanavalin A (ConA), and the proliferation of leukocytes in response to mitogens like interleukin 2. IL-2)[2]. In methylprednisolone-induced immunosuppressed mice, pidotimod (ip; 10-100 mg/kg) markedly boosts macrophage superoxygenation and normalizes the depletion of peritoneal macrophage numbers [2].
Pidotimod has been studied in vivo for its immunostimulant properties. It is used as an immunostimulator drug to prevent respiratory problems in children. It has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in various diseases. Its ability to enhance immune function and reduce the incidence of infections has been evaluated in clinical studies. |
| Cell Assay |
Cellular immunomodulatory activity is evaluated in immune cell cultures (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, macrophages). Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with Pidotimod at various concentrations (1-100 µM). Cell proliferation is assessed using MTT or [3H]-thymidine incorporation assays. Cytokine production (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α) is measured by ELISA. Immune cell activation markers are assessed by flow cytometry. Each experiment includes vehicle controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy is evaluated in animal models of infection or immunodeficiency. Pidotimod is administered orally at doses determined by preclinical studies. Immune cell populations in blood and spleen are analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in serum are measured by ELISA. Resistance to infection is assessed by survival and bacterial/viral load. Sample sizes typically range from 8-12 animals per group. Clinical studies have been conducted for respiratory infection prevention in children.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Bioavailability: 45%. 95% of the intravenously administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Biological Half-Life Half-life: 4 hours. Pidotimod has a molecular weight of 244.27 g/mol and a molecular formula of C9H12N2O4S. Chemical name: (4R)-3-(5-oxo-L-prolyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Purity: typically 95+%. It is a synthetic dipeptide. It is orally administered. Pharmacokinetic parameters: it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized, and excreted. Bioavailability and half-life data are available from clinical studies. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Pidotimod is generally well-tolerated at therapeutic doses. Common adverse effects may include mild gastrointestinal disturbances. It is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the compound. Standard toxicology studies have demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. It is approved for clinical use in many countries as an immunostimulator.
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| References |
[1]. Ashok Mahashur, et al. Pidotimod: In-depth review of current evidence. Lung India
[2]. Ning Zhao, et al. Pidotimod: a review of its pharmacological features and clinical effectiveness in respiratory tract infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019 Oct;17(10):803-818. |
| Additional Infomation |
(4R)-3-[oxo-[(2S)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolyl]methyl]-4-thiazolidinic acid is a peptide. Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide with immunomodulatory properties. Drug Indications: For the treatment of cell-mediated immunosuppression caused by respiratory or urinary tract infections, as an immunostimulatory therapy. Mechanism of Action: Pidotimod inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). It also increases the expression and translocation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) to the nucleus. It is these two regulatory effects on the ERK and NFκB signaling pathways that are thought to lead to the increased expression of Toll-like receptors induced by pidotimod. Pidotimod promotes the maturation of dendritic cells responsible for presenting antigens to naïve Th cells. It also appears to increase the number of these cells differentiating into Th1 cells, which are thought to mediate immune responses against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Finally, pidotimod also appears to enhance antigen-specific antibody titers and cytotoxic responses following antigen exposure. However, the exact mechanisms and timelines leading to these effects remain unclear.
Pidotimod is also known as (4R)-3-[[(2S)-5-Oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]-4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid. It is a synthetic dipeptide with immunomodulatory properties. It is used as an immunostimulator drug to prevent respiratory problems in children. It is approved for clinical use in many countries. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H12N2O4S
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| Molecular Weight |
244.2676
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| Exact Mass |
244.051
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 44.25; H, 4.95; N, 11.47; O, 26.20; S, 13.13
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| CAS # |
121808-62-6
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| PubChem CID |
65944
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
663.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
194-198ºC (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
354.8±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.619
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| LogP |
-2.38
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
346
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
S1C([H])([H])N(C([C@]2([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(N2[H])=O)=O)[C@]([H])(C(=O)O[H])C1([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
UUTKICFRNVKFRG-WDSKDSINSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H12N2O4S/c12-7-2-1-5(10-7)8(13)11-4-16-3-6(11)9(14)15/h5-6H,1-4H2,(H,10,12)(H,14,15)/t5-,6-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(R)-3-((S)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
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| Synonyms |
Pidotomod; PGT/1A; PGT 1A; PGT1A; PGT-1A;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~409.38 mM)
H2O : ~25 mg/mL (~102.35 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.23 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.23 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.23 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 14.29 mg/mL (58.50 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C). |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.0938 mL | 20.4692 mL | 40.9383 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8188 mL | 4.0938 mL | 8.1877 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4094 mL | 2.0469 mL | 4.0938 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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