| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In skin conditioning agents, it has been observed that the percutaneous absorption of 5, 10, and 20% sodium pidolic acid through human skin was 5.97, 6.78, and 5.89%, respectively. In the dog animal model, it was determined that 30% of an absorbed oral administration of pidolic acid was excreted unchanged in the urine and the remainder converted to urea. Readily available data regarding the volume of distribution of pidolic acid is not available. Readily available data regarding the clearance of pidolic acid is not available. Metabolism / Metabolites In living cells, various metabolic pathways involving pidolic acid exist: (a) glutamyl/glutaminyl (amino acid) n is converted to pyroglutamyl- (amino acid) n by glutaminyl cyclase, pyroglutamyl- (amino acid) n is then metabolised to pyroglutamic acid (pidolic acid) by pyroglutamyl peptidase; (b) via the gamma-Glutamyl cycle, gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase generates gamma-Glutamyl amino acid which is metabolised to pyroglutamic acid via gamma-Glutamyl cyclotransferase; (c) glutamate via gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase or Glutamine synthetase or Glutamate 5-kinase metabolism generates gamma-Glutamyl phosphate which itself can be converted to pyroglutamic acid; and (d) glutamate or glutamine can be non-enzymatically converted to pyroglutamic acid. Finally, pyroglutamic acid (or pidolic acid) itself is metabolized to glutamate via the 5-Oxoprolinase enzyme. 5-Oxoproline is part of the glutathione metabolism pathway. Degradation of glutathione is initiated by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, which catalyses the transfer of its γ-glutamyl-group to acceptors. The γ-glutamyl residues are substrates of the γ-glutamyl-cyclotransferase, which converts them to 5-oxoproline and the corresponding amino acids. Conversion of 5-oxoproline to glutamate is catalysed by 5-oxoprolinase. (T527) Biological Half-Life Some studies have determined that the specific half-life of the N-terminal glutamic acid is about 9 months in a pH 4.1 buffer at 45 degrees Celsius. |
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
5-Oxoprolinuria develops in moderate to severe cases of glutathione synthetase deficiency. The deficiency in glutathione synthetase leads to the accumulation of γ-glutamylcysteine, which is converted into 5-oxoproline by the action of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. The excessive formation of 5-oxoproline exceeds the capacity of 5-oxoprolinase, leading to accumulation of 5-oxoproline in body fluids causing metabolic acidosis and 5-oxoprolinuria. 5-Oxoproline accumulation is thought to be the cause of metabolic acidosis in Hawkinsinuria. 5-Oxoprolinase deficiency also leads to decreased conversion of 5-oxoproline to glutamate, resulting in elevated levels of 5-oxoproline in body fluids. 5-Oxoprolinuria has also been described in patients with urea cycle defects, such as ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency or homocystinuria. In nephropathic cystinosis 5-oxoprolinuria may occur because of secondary impairment of the γ-glutamyl cycle resulting from decreased availability of free cysteine and can be corrected through cysteamine therapy. Transient 5-oxoprolinuria of unknown cause has been reported in very preterm infants. Limited availability of glycine in malnutrition and pregnancy as well as increased turnover of collagen, fibrinogen and other proteins containing considerable amounts of 5-oxoproline in patients with severe burns or Stevens-Johnson syndrome may lead to 5-oxoprolinuria. In addition, certain drugs, such as paracetamol, vigabatrin or some antibiotics (flucloxacillin, netimicin), are known to induce 5-oxoprolinuria, probably through interaction with the γ-glutamyl cycle. Particular infant formulas and tomato juice may contain modified proteins with increased content of 5-oxoproline. (T527) Protein Binding Readily available data regarding the protein binding of pidolic acid is not available. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics
Pidolic acid is a naturally occurring but little-studied amino acid derivative that can be formed enzymatically or non-enzymatically and participates as a biological intermediate in various chemical pathways. Elevations of the acid in blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism. Pidolic acid, in general, is found in large quantities in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, like skin. Moreover, pidolic acid in high enough levels can act as an acidogen capable of inducing acidosis and a metabotoxin that can result in adverse health effects. Chronically elevated levels of pidolic acid are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism including 5-oxoprolinuria (where 5-oxoproline is otherwise known as pidolic acid), 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, glutathione synthetase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, and propionic acidemia. In particular, abnormally high levels of organic acids like pidolic acid in the blood, urine, brain, and/or other tissues results in general metabolic acidosis. Such acidosis generally occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants, the initial symptoms of acidosis consist of poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy. Eventually, acidosis and the symptoms of acidosis can lead to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly even death. Many children who are afflicted with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. High levels of pidolic acid in the blood have also been demonstrated following acetaminophen overdose, causing an increased level of acidity called a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H7NO3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
129.11
|
| Exact Mass |
129.042
|
| CAS # |
98-79-3
|
| PubChem CID |
7405
|
| Appearance |
White to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
382.4±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
160-163 °C(lit.)
|
| Flash Point |
185.1±30.7 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.627
|
| LogP |
-1.95
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
9
|
| Complexity |
154
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
C1CC(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)O
|
| InChi Key |
ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H7NO3/c7-4-2-1-3(6-4)5(8)9/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t3-/m0/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
|
| Synonyms |
EINECS 202-700-3; Glutimic acid; Pidolic acid; NSC-9966; NSC143034; NSC 9966; NSC9966;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~774.53 mM)
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~774.53 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.36 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.36 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.36 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 140 mg/mL (1084.35 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.7453 mL | 38.7267 mL | 77.4533 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.5491 mL | 7.7453 mL | 15.4907 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7745 mL | 3.8727 mL | 7.7453 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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