Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
It may be excreted as phthalic acid. /From Table/

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Metabolism/Metabolites 4,5-Dihydroxyphthalic acid is produced in Pseudomonas. /From Table/
The dose-effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, including its distribution, excretion, and binding to macromolecules, were studied in rodents. Except for the highest dose group, where the free phthalic acid content on days 3 and 10 was 6 times that of the lowest dose group, the urinary phthalate metabolite profiles were similar across all dose groups.
The metabolism of di(5-hexenyl) phthalate and di(9-decenyl) phthalate was studied in rats. Male CD rats were orally administered 3–12 μM/kg of radiolabeled or unlabeled di(5-hexenyl) phthalate and di(decenyl) phthalate (dissolved in cottonseed oil) at 24-hour intervals. One-third of the radioactive material was detected in the urine. The metabolite was identified as mono-5-hexenyl phthalate. Mono-5-hexenyl phthalate accounted for 21% of the total phthalate esters in urine, while 5-hexenyl phthalate glucuronide accounted for 13.2%, and free 5-hexenyl phthalate accounted for 7.8%. In contrast, the metabolite of di(9-decenyl) phthalate was not excreted as a glucuronide conjugate; only trace amounts of free phthalic acid were detected, although the recovery rate of this compound in urine was 40%–50%. The distribution of phthalate metabolites indicates that di(9-decenyl) phthalate and di(5-hexenyl) phthalate have different metabolic pathways. The study concludes that chemically active epoxide metabolites with unsaturated side chains of phthalates may play a role in the acute toxicity of di(5-hexenyl) phthalate and di(9-decenyl) phthalate. Cells cultured in phthalates rapidly oxidize dibutyl phthalate, phthalates, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate, and protocatechuic acid. Phthalate esters or their metabolites can induce the expression of phthalate-3,4-dioxygenase (and possibly dihydrogen glycoside dehydrogenase), while subsequent enzymes can be induced by protocatechuic acid or its subsequent metabolites. When grown at 37 °C, strain 12B frequently produced clones that lost the ability to grow in phthalate-containing environments. For more complete data on the metabolism/metabolites of phthalic acids (6 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Non-Human Toxicity Values
Mouse intraperitoneal LD50: 550 mg/kg Mouse oral LD50: 2,530 mg/kg Rat oral LD50: 7.9 g/kg

[1]. Toxicological Characterization of Phthalic Acid. Toxicol Res 2011;27:191−203.

Phthalic acid is a white crystalline or white fine powder. (NTP, 1992)
Phthalic acid is a phthalic acid composed of two ortho- and ortho-carboxyl groups. It is a human exogenous metabolite and the conjugate acid of phthalate (1-).
Phthalic acid has been reported in poppies (Papaver somniferum), coconuts (Cocos nucifera), and other organisms with relevant data.
Mechanism of Action

Although high doses of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate have been shown to cause severe testicular atrophy in rats, the mechanism of this testicular damage remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on rat testicular mitochondrial function. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its isomer di-n-octyl phthalate (the latter causing less testicular damage) did not inhibit state 3 oxygen consumption at in vitro concentrations up to 0.65 μmol/mL. On the other hand, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its metabolite mono-n-octyl phthalate inhibited state 3 oxygen consumption at concentrations as low as 0.065 μmol/mL. Mitochondrial respiratory function in rats administered 2 g/kg of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was lower than that in the control group or the di-n-octyl phthalate treatment group. These differences were validated by pharmacokinetic parameters and the testicular concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and mono-n-octyl phthalate. It can be speculated that the possible mechanism by which di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces testicular atrophy is that mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (and some di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) directly inhibits the respiratory function of mitochondria in rat testicular Sertoli cells. Phthalic acid and nonylphenol, at concentrations comparable to those activating estrogen receptor-mediated transcription, stimulated PXR-mediated transcription in COS-7 cells via transient reporter gene expression analysis.

C8H6O4

166.13

166.026

88-99-3

Phthalic acid-d4;87976-26-9

1017

White to off-white solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

378.3±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg

210-211 °C (dec.)(lit.)

196.7±19.7 °C

0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.618

0.81

2

4

2

12

177

0

XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C8H6O4/c9-7(10)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)12/h1-4H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)

phthalic acid

NSC-5348; NSC 5348; Phthalic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~601.94 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.05 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)