| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
PEA does not have a single defined molecular target but interacts with multiple cellular components. Its antibacterial mechanism targets the cell membrane, causing permeabilization in Gram-negative bacteria and solubilization in Gram-positive bacteria. In eukaryotic cells, it affects DNA synthesis and structure. As a quorum sensing inhibitor, molecular docking studies suggest it competitively interacts with the ligand-binding sites of quorum sensing receptors. For its neuropharmacological effects, the targets are likely neural circuits involved in sensory, emotional, and feeding behaviors, with inhalation exposure modulating cFos expression in the brain.
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| ln Vitro |
2-Phenylethanol activates preservatives in soap and additives for cigarettes [1]. 2. Phenylethyl alcohol inhibits the growth of dyes that are Gram-negative [1].
In cell culture, PEA inhibits the growth of Ehrlich II B and L cells at concentrations greater than 0.2%, an effect that is reversible within the first hour of exposure. The first biochemical change observed is a decrease in DNA content, accompanied by a loss of mitotic figures and a weakening of chain-chain interactions in DNA. Its antibacterial activity is bactericidal, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (IC) and bactericidal concentrations (BC) ranging from 90 to 180 mM against various strains, which is 4- to 5-fold higher than the IC. At these lethal concentrations, PEA induces rapid and total leakage of K⁺ ions from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As a quorum sensing inhibitor, PEA (2 mM) reduces violacein production in C. violaceum by 62.5% and in P. aeruginosa it reduces exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by 33.5%, swarming motility by 64.5%, and biofilm formation by 55.5%. |
| ln Vivo |
In mice, 2-phenylethanol (5%; breathed) decreases depressive-like behavior and enhances anxiety-like behavior [3].
Inhalation of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) in mice decreased immobility time in the tail suspension test, suggesting an anti-depressive-like effect. However, in the open field test, mice spent less time in the center area, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. No changes were observed in cognitive function, activity level, muscle strength, or aggression. In the elevated plus maze test, no significant difference was observed in the percentage of open arm entries or time spent in open arms compared to control. In the Y-maze test, no significant difference was observed in spatial working memory. In the sucrose preference test, no change in sucrose consumption was observed, indicating no effect on anhedonia-like behavior. In the Porsolt forced swim test, no significant difference in immobility time was observed compared to control. In a chronic distress-induced mouse model of anxio-depressive-like phenotype, prolonged (15 days, 30 min/day) inhalation of PEA reversed the reduced locomotor activity and feeding latency induced by corticosterone treatment, demonstrating significant anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Immunohistochemistry revealed that PEA inhalation reversed the corticosterone-induced decrease in cFos-positive cells in the olfactory bulb and altered functional brain connectivity. In the forced swim test in mice, PEA showed antidepressant-like activity by reducing immobility time by 43%, making it twice as effective as the standard drug phenelzine. Regarding viral infections, the glycosides of PEA can reversibly inhibit the reproduction of DNA viruses (Vaccinia, Herpes simplex, SV-40) but not RNA viruses in tissue culture. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Molecular docking analysis was used to explore the mechanism by which PEA inhibits quorum sensing. The study involved a competitive docking simulation where PEA was modeled to interact with the active site of quorum sensing receptor proteins, showing a promising competitive interaction with native acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) ligands. In another study using a fluorescence polarization anisotropy competition assay, the binding affinity of integrin-binding peptides was quantified using FITC-labeled probes and purified integrin headpieces in buffer containing MnCl₂ and CaCl₂.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell growth inhibition was characterized using Ehrlich II B and L cells. Cells were cultured in medium containing varying concentrations of PEA (>0.2%). The reversibility of the effect was tested by removing the inhibitor within one hour and assessing cell recovery. DNA content, RNA, and protein levels were measured at different time points. Chromosome preparations and Feulgen staining were performed to observe the loss of mitotic figures and nuclear material. For antibacterial assays, the inhibitory concentration (IC) and bactericidal concentration (BC) were determined against bacterial strains. K⁺ leakage was measured as an indicator of membrane damage. Biofilm formation, EPS production, and swarming motility were quantified in P. aeruginosa, and violacein production was measured in C. violaceum.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 11weeks old male mice (C57BL/6) [3]
Doses: 5% (v/v) Route of Administration: inhalation; Experimental Results:It exerts an antidepressant-like effect, but may increase anxiety-like behaviors. Male C57BL/6 mice (11 weeks old) were used. 2-phenylethanol was diluted to 5% (v/v) in 1% Tween 80 and impregnated into absorbent cotton placed in a sealed container. Mice were exposed to 2-PE vapor for 15 minutes in a three-layer cage system before behavioral tests. Control mice were exposed to 1% Tween 80 only. Behavioral tests included: odor preference test, elevated plus maze, open field test, Y-maze test, tail suspension test, Porsolt forced swim test, sucrose preference test, grip strength test, and cotton bud biting test. All tests were performed during the light phase, with at least one day between tests. Apparatus was cleaned with 70% ethanol and super-oxidized hypochlorous acid between trials. For inhalation studies, female mice were exposed to PEA for 30 minutes per day for 15 consecutive days. Afterwards, behavior was evaluated using the open-field test (locomotor activity), forced swim test, and novelty-suppressed feeding test (anxiety). To elucidate neural correlates, brains were processed for cFos immunohistochemistry to map neural activity. For pharmacokinetic studies, PEA was administered to rats, rabbits, and humans via dermal application (430-1400 mg/kg bw), gavage (430 mg/kg bw), or dietary administration (430 mg/kg bw). Blood plasma concentrations of PEA and its major metabolite, phenylacetic acid (PAA), were then analyzed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
2-Phenylene alcohol is converted to phenylacetaldehyde in rabbits: Smith JM et al., BIOCHEM J, 56, 320, 1954. /Excerpt from Table/ Phenylene alcohol is almost completely oxidized to the corresponding acid. Following oral administration of 0.2 to 0.3 g/kg doses to rabbits, the metabolites excreted in the urine included: phenylacetic acid urate, a glycine conjugate of phenylacetic acid, 42%; glucuric acid, 5%; and an ether-soluble acid, possibly phenylacetic acid, 19%. This explains only 66% of the original dose. Phenylene alcohol… β-Phenylene alcohol is a substrate for ADH, with an initial oxidation rate almost as high as allyl alcohol and significantly higher than ethanol. Following dermal, gavage, or dietary administration of PEA to rats, plasma concentrations of the parent compound are low regardless of the route. The major metabolite is phenylacetic acid (PAA), whose plasma concentrations greatly exceed those of PEA and are highest after gavage, followed by dermal then dietary administration. Significant species differences exist in absorption: following topical application, humans absorb only 7.6% of the applied PEA dose, compared to 77% in rats and 50% in rabbits. Additionally, the plasma concentration-time profile for PAA is markedly prolonged in rabbits compared to rats or humans. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) > 500 mg/m3 Non-human Toxicity Values Mice Oral LD50 0.8-1.5 g/kg Guinea Pig Oral LD50 0.4-0.8 g/kg Rat Oral LD50 1.79 and 2.46 g/kg Mice Intraperitoneal LD50 0.4-0.8 g/kg For more complete non-human toxicity data for 2-phenylethanol (7 types), please visit the HSDB record page. PEA has a favorable safety profile at normal exposure levels. Based on a comprehensive review, it is not considered a developmental toxicity hazard for humans under normal fragrance use conditions. The calculated margin of safety exceeds 2600, based on a human dermal systemic exposure of 0.3 mg/kg per day, a rat dermal NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of 70 mg/kg per day, and the percentage of dose absorbed in humans. It has also been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and categorized as "no safety concern" for use as a flavouring agent at current estimated intakes. Toxicological data includes assessments for acute toxicity, skin irritation, eye irritation, skin sensitization, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity, none of which indicate a significant risk at intended use levels. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-Phenylacetylethanol is a primary alcohol, a product of ethanol with a phenyl group substituted at the 2-position. It is used as a fragrance, a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a plant metabolite, a metabolite of Aspergillus, and a plant growth inhibitor. It is a primary alcohol belonging to the benzene family. It is an antibacterial agent, preservative, and disinfectant, and is also used as a fragrance and preservative in pharmaceuticals and perfumes. 2-Phenylacetylethanol has been reported to exist in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tea trees, and other organisms with relevant data. 2-Phenylacetylethanol is a metabolite of or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an antibacterial agent, preservative, and disinfectant, and is also used as a fragrance and preservative in pharmaceuticals and perfumes. See also: Moringa leaf oil (partial).
Therapeutic Uses Topical anti-infective agent; disinfectant; medicinal preservative. Phenylacetylethanol… was once used as an antibacterial agent in ophthalmic solutions at a concentration of 0.5%. Phenylacetylethanol (2-phenylethanol) is the main aroma component of rose oil. It has traditionally been used in aromatherapy to treat mental illnesses, but its scientific basis remains unclear. This study suggests that inhaling 2-phenylethanol may exert an antidepressant effect through the olfactory system, but may also induce anxiety-like behavior in certain situations. The study also indicates that the effects of rose oil and 2-phenylethanol may vary depending on concentration, duration of exposure, and route of administration. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H10O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
122.17
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| Exact Mass |
122.073
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 78.65; H, 8.25; O, 13.10
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| CAS # |
60-12-8
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| Related CAS # |
2-Phenylethanol-d4;107473-33-6;2-Phenylethanol-d9;42950-74-3;2-Phenylethanol-d5;35845-63-7
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| PubChem CID |
6054
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
218.2±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
−27 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
102.2±0.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.536
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| LogP |
1.36
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
65
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=1[H]
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| InChi Key |
WRMNZCZEMHIOCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H10O/c9-7-6-8-4-2-1-3-5-8/h1-5,9H,6-7H2
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| Chemical Name |
2-phenylethanol
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| Synonyms |
Phenylethyl alcohol; NSC 40,6252; NSC 406252; 2-PHENYLETHANOL; Phenethyl alcohol; 60-12-8; Benzeneethanol; NSC406252; NSC-406252
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~20 mg/mL (~163.72 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (409.30 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.1853 mL | 40.9266 mL | 81.8532 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6371 mL | 8.1853 mL | 16.3706 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8185 mL | 4.0927 mL | 8.1853 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT02624362 | ENROLLING BY INVITATION | Behavioral: Therapeutic Suggestion Behavioral: Asthmogenic Suggestion Other: Phenylethyl Alcohol odor |
Asthma | Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven | 2015-08 | Not Applicable |
| NCT05908318 | NOT YET RECRUITING | Behavioral: olfactory training | Postoperative Delirium Preoperative Olfactory Training |
Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University | 2023-07 | Not Applicable |
| NCT06290219 | NOT YET RECRUITING | Combination Product: platelet-rich plasma combined with hyaluronic acid Drug: Zinc Gluconate 10 MG Oral Tablet Device: 4 bottles of phenyl ethyl alcohol, lemon, eucalyptus, and clove oil |
Effect of Drug Traumatic Olfactory Nerve Injury With Anosmia (Diagnosis) | Taichung Veterans General Hospital | 2024-03-20 | Phase 3 |
| NCT01380691 | COMPLETEDWITH RESULTS | Drug: LY2216684 Drug: Placebo-matching LY2216684 Drug: Placebo-matching alcoholic beverage Drug: Alcoholic beverage |
Major Depressive Disorder | Eli Lilly and Company | 2011-06 | Phase 1 |
| NCT06066307 | RECRUITING | Other: Olfactory training | Loss of Smell Olfactory Disorder | Leigh Sowerby | 2023-09-25 | Phase 4 |
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