| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
5-HT₃ receptor (specifically the rat orthologue of the 5-HT₃A(b) subunit homopentameric complex). [1]
5-HT₃ receptors on cardiopulmonary afferent C-fibres (in mice). [3] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The 5-HT3 receptor selective agonist phenylbiguanide (1-Phenylbiguanide) has pEC50 values of 5.57, 4.07, and 4.47 for r5-HT3A(b), h5-HT3A, and m5-HT3A(b), respectively [1]. It was investigated how phenylbiguanide (1-phenylbiguanide hydrochloride) encouraged the proliferation of the HT29 cell line. After 48 hours of incubation, phenolbiguanide caused dose-dependent proliferation of HT29 cells. At 12.5 μM (5HT), the maximum proliferation was observed (P≤0.01). Significant stimulation of cell growth was seen at doses of 3.125 μM (P≤0.05) and 6.25 μM (P≤0.01) for benformin [2].
In Xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing the rat 5-HT₃A(b) subunit, bath application of Phenylbiguanide (300 nM - 100 µM) evoked transient, concentration-dependent inward currents at a holding potential of -60 mV. The EC₅₀ value for PBG was 3.0 ± 0.1 µM, with a Hill coefficient (nH) of 2.1 ± 0.2 (n=4). The maximal current response elicited by PBG was approximately 116% of that observed with a saturating concentration (10 µM) of 5-HT in the same oocytes, indicating full agonist efficacy. [1] |
| ln Vivo |
The right atrium of the heart was perfused with phenformin (PBG), a medication that is known to activate cardiorespiratory afferent C fibers, in anesthetized mice, and the expression of c-Fos was mapped in particular areas of the central nervous system. Respiratory depression and marked bradycardia are among the reflex cardiorespiratory responses elicited by intraatrial PBG injection [3].
In anaesthetised BALB/c mice, right atrial injections of Phenylbiguanide (1-1.5 µg in 10-15 µl saline per injection, repeated five times at 8-10 min intervals) induced a prompt (within 1 s) and pronounced bradycardia as well as a decrease in respiratory frequency. Both heart rate and respiration returned to baseline within 20-30 seconds. [3] Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, intra-atrial PBG injections significantly increased the number of c-Fos-positive nuclei in the dorsolateral (SolDL) and gelatinous (SolG) subdivisions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS) at the level of the area postrema (approximately -7.48 mm bregma) compared to vehicle-injected controls. No significant changes were observed in other rostrocaudal levels of the nTS. Conversely, PBG injections decreased the number of c-Fos-positive nuclei in the crescent part of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, with no effect on the dorsal part. No significant effects were detected in the periaqueductal gray, in catecholaminergic cell groups (A1/C1, A2/C2, A5, A6, A7), or in other medullary and forebrain regions examined (e.g., paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central amygdaloid nucleus). [3] |
| Enzyme Assay |
The two-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to examine the pharmacological profile of the rat 5-HT₃A(b) receptor. Oocytes expressing the receptor were held at a holding potential of -60 mV. Timed pulses of Phenylbiguanide dissolved in Barth's solution were applied to oocytes via a bath perfusion system. Current and voltage signals were analysed using electrophysiology software. Concentration-response data were fitted iteratively with the four-parameter logistic equation: I/Imax = A^nH / (A^nH + EC50^nH), where Imax is the maximum inward current evoked by a saturating concentration of agonist, I is the inward current at agonist concentration A, EC50 is the half-maximal effective concentration, and nH is the Hill coefficient. [1]
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| Cell Assay |
Stage VI Xenopus laevis oocytes were injected with 50 ng of cRNA transcripts encoding the rat 5-HT₃A(b) subunit in 50 nl of nuclease-free water. Injected oocytes were stored individually in 200 µl of standard Barth's solution supplemented with gentamycin (100 µg/ml) and incubated at 19°C for 2-7 days prior to use. Functional expression of the receptor was assessed using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique as described above. [1]
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| Animal Protocol |
Adult male specified pathogen-free BALB/c mice (28-33 g) were deeply anaesthetised with an intraperitoneal injection of a Hypnorm/Hypnovel mixture (3.75 µl/g body weight). The jugular vein was cannulated, and the tip of the catheter was advanced to the right atrium. Mice were maintained at 37°C body temperature. Stainless steel pins placed subcutaneously in the chest wall recorded the electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of respiratory muscles. After establishing a supra-threshold dose, mice received five right atrial injections of Phenylbiguanide (1-1.5 µg in 10-15 µl sterile 0.9% saline per injection, injected slowly at approximately 1 µl/s) at 8-10 minute intervals. Control mice received equivalent volumes of saline. Two hours after the first injection, mice were killed by anaesthetic overdose and transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde fixative. Brains were removed, post-fixed, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose, and coronal frozen sections (30 µm) were cut for immunohistochemical detection of c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase. [3]
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Phenylacetidine is a type of biguanide drug characterized by the substitution of a phenyl group for the terminal nitrogen atom. It is a central nervous system drug and is functionally related to other biguanide drugs.
Phenylbiguanide is a member of the arylbiguanide class of 5-HT₃ receptor agonists. In comparative studies, PBG demonstrated approximately 2.5-fold lower potency than 5-HT at the rat 5-HT₃A(b) receptor. Unlike 2-methyl-5-HT, PBG acted as a full agonist at this receptor. The compound has been used to investigate species differences, as the potency of PBG is considerably higher at the rat 5-HT₃ receptor compared to human or mouse orthologues. [1] In mice, right atrial injection of PBG serves as a pharmacological tool to selectively activate cardiopulmonary afferent C-fibres via 5-HT₃ receptors, eliciting the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. The resulting bradycardia and respiratory depression are accompanied by increased c-Fos expression in specific subregions of the nTS (SolDL and SolG) at the level of the area postrema, indicating central neuronal activation. [3] |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H11N5
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
177.2064
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| Exact Mass |
177.101
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| CAS # |
102-02-3
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| Related CAS # |
55-57-2 (mono-hydrochloride)
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| PubChem CID |
4780
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.33g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
388.4ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
135-142 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
188.7ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
3.08E-06mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.656
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| LogP |
1.88
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
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| Complexity |
211
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
CUQCMXFWIMOWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H11N5/c9-7(10)13-8(11)12-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H,(H6,9,10,11,12,13)
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| Chemical Name |
1-(diaminomethylidene)-2-phenylguanidine
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~150 mg/mL (~846.45 mM)
H2O : ≥ 25 mg/mL (~141.08 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.6430 mL | 28.2151 mL | 56.4302 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1286 mL | 5.6430 mL | 11.2860 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5643 mL | 2.8215 mL | 5.6430 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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