| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 2g |
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| Targets |
Pentamidine Isethionate is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL). It inhibits constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the brain and acts as an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist. The compound binds to calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and induces conformational changes in the DNA double helix. It also binds with ubiquitin to modify the β-cluster of ubiquitin.
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| ln Vitro |
Diabetes growth is inhibited in a concentration-regulated manner by pentamidine isethionate (0-10 μg/mL; 6 days; WM9, DU145, C4-2, Hey, WM480, and A549 cells) treatment [1]. It was established how harmful pentamidine isethionate is to promastigotes of the animal parasite Leishmania fanum. Pentamidine ethanesulfonate exhibited 60 times more leishmanicidal activity than cisplatin following a 72-hour period of sterility. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell cycle signaling in the G2/M phase is the reason why pentamidine isethionate causes more programmed cell death (PCD) than cisplatin. The calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) undergoes a conformational change in response to pentamidine isethionate binding that is consistent with the B-->A transition. Pentamidine isethionate is equivalent to ubiquitin and causes a 6% rise in the protein's β-sheet content [2].
In vitro, pentamidine isethionate displays potent antiprotozoal activity. It exhibits cytotoxic activity against Leishmania infantum promastigotes with an IC50 of 2.5 μM. Treatment of various human malignant cell lines (WM9, DU145, C4-2, Hey, WM480, and A549) with pentamidine isethionate (0-10 μM) for 6 days resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, with complete suppression observed at 10 μM. |
| ln Vivo |
Intracellular WM9 human melanoma growth is considerably inhibited by pentamidine isethionate (0.25 mg/mouse; intramuscular injection; once every 2 days; for 4 weeks; athymic nude mice) treatment [1].
In vivo, pentamidine isethionate is used to treat Gambian trypanosomiasis, antimony-resistant leishmaniasis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. It exhibits antitumor and antibacterial activities. The compound is also being studied for its potential in melanoma treatment. It is a trypanocidal drug used clinically for parasitic infections. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor/enzyme binding assays for pentamidine isethionate typically measure its ability to inhibit PTPases or PRL phosphatases. The enzyme is incubated with a suitable substrate in the presence of increasing concentrations of the compound, and phosphatase activity is measured using colorimetric or fluorometric methods. DNA binding assays can also be performed to study its interaction with calf-thymus DNA.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[1]
Cell Types: WM9, DU145, C4-2, Hey, WM480, and A549 cells Tested Concentrations: 0-10 µg/mL Incubation Duration: 6 days Experimental Results: Growth of all six cell lines in culture Inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, with complete inhibition of cell line growth at 10 µg/mL. Cell-based assays for pentamidine isethionate involve treating various cell lines or parasites with the compound and assessing its effects on cell viability, DNA synthesis, and enzyme activity. Cytotoxicity is measured using MTT or similar assays. The compound's ability to inhibit cell growth is assessed in a concentration-dependent manner across multiple human malignant cell lines. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Athymic nude mice (6 weeks old) were injected with WM9 cells [1].
Doses: 0.25 mg/mouse. Route of Administration: intramuscularinjection; once every 2 days; for 4 consecutive weeks. Experimental Results: Dramatically inhibited the growth of WM9 human melanoma in nude mice. Growth in mice. In vivo animal studies for pentamidine isethionate typically involve administering the compound to animal models of parasitic infections such as trypanosomiasis or leishmaniasis. Efficacy is assessed by measuring parasite load, survival, and clinical signs. Pharmacokinetic studies measure drug levels in plasma and tissues. The compound's potential in melanoma treatment is also being explored in animal models. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of pentamidine isethionate are characterized by its route of administration (typically intramuscular or intravenous). The compound is distributed to tissues, with accumulation in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. It has a long half-life. In vitro solubility data shows it is soluble in DMSO at 100 mg/mL.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Pentamidine isethionate can cause significant side effects, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, hypoglycemia, and cardiotoxicity. It should be used with caution and under medical supervision. The safety profile requires careful monitoring. It is a type of PRL phosphatase inhibitor.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Pentamidine isothiocyanate is an odorless white or nearly white crystal or powder. It has also been reported to have a slightly butyric acid odor. It has an extremely bitter taste. The pH (5% aqueous solution) is 4.5-6.5. (NTP, 1992)
Pentamidine isothiocyanate is an organic sulfonate prepared by reacting Pentamidine with two equivalents of 2-hydroxyethylsulfonic acid. It is a trypanosome-killing agent. It contains pentaneonium(2+) ions. Pentamidine isothiocyanate is a prescription antifungal drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). FDA-approved uses of Pentamidine isothiocyanate depend on its dosage form. Specifically, Pentamidine isothiocyanate injection is approved for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and Pentamidine isothiocyanate inhalation is approved for the prevention of PCP in high-risk populations, especially those infected with HIV. PCP is an opportunistic infection (OI) associated with HIV infection. Pentamidine isothiocyanate is a synthetic amitidine derivative with antiprotozoal and antifungal activity. Its mechanism of action appears to be interaction with the minor groove of AT-rich DNA regions in the pathogen genome, thereby interfering with DNA replication and function. It is effective in treating trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, certain fungal infections, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals. (NCI04) An antiprotozoal drug effective against trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and certain fungal infections; used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals. It may cause diabetes, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. See also: Pentamidine (with the active fraction). Pentamidine isethionate is an FDA-approved drug for Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is also used for the treatment of leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis. It is being studied for melanoma treatment. The compound is a valuable tool for studying PTPases and PRL phosphatases. It is a synthetic amidine derivative. |
| Molecular Formula |
C23H36N4O10S2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
592.68
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| Exact Mass |
592.187
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| CAS # |
140-64-7
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| Related CAS # |
Pentamidine;100-33-4;Pentamidine dihydrochloride;50357-45-4;Pentamidine dimesylate;6823-79-6
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| PubChem CID |
8813
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
539.4ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
188-194 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
280ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.06E-11mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
4.377
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
14
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| Heavy Atom Count |
39
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| Complexity |
493
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
YBVNFKZSMZGRAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H24N4O2.2C2H6O4S/c20-18(21)14-4-8-16(9-5-14)24-12-2-1-3-13-25-17-10-6-15(7-11-17)19(22)23;2*3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h4-11H,1-3,12-13H2,(H3,20,21)(H3,22,23);2*3H,1-2H2,(H,4,5,6)
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| Chemical Name |
4-[5-(4-carbamimidoylphenoxy)pentoxy]benzenecarboximidamide;2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid
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| Synonyms |
Pentamidine diisethionate Pentamidine isethionate salt Pentamidine Isethionate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~168.73 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~168.73 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.51 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.51 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.51 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.6873 mL | 8.4363 mL | 16.8725 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3375 mL | 1.6873 mL | 3.3745 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1687 mL | 0.8436 mL | 1.6873 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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