Streptococcus growth can be inhibited by Penicillin V (0.002-8.0 mg/L) at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.004-0.008 mg/L[2]. With a MIC90 of 8 mg/L, penicillin V (0.002-8.0 mg/L) can stop Clostridium difficile from growing[3]. With a MIC of 0.016 mg/L, Penicillin V (0.004-0.063 mg/L; 18 h) suppresses the development of Staphylococcus aureus [4].

In mouse thigh muscles, Penicillin V (0.063-0.25 mg/kg; single subcutaneous injection) inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth [4]. Rats with acute suppurative otitis media (AOM) can avoid fulminant infection by administering Penicillin V (100 mg/kg) orally once a day for five days [5]. The mean area under the curve (AUC) for penicillin V (2 mg/kg; single subcutaneous injection) is 0.47 mg/L·h, and its plasma half-life is 61 minutes[4][4].

Animal/Disease Models: Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male Swiss mice (20-25 g) inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus [4]
Doses: 0.063, 0.13, 0.25 mg/kg
Route of Administration: Single subcutaneous injection
Experimental Results: Reduction in CFU number ( 1.34 × 107 counts/mL) compared with the control at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg (3.5 × 107 counts/mL).

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
A dose of 1,000,000 units of the acid gives peak plasma levels of about 2 to 3 ug/ml, but the potassium salt will provide levels of 4.5 to 9 ug/ml.
Penicillin VK provides faster and higher blood levels of antibiotic than Penicillin V.

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Biological Half-Life
The half-life is 0.5 to 0.6 hr.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Limited information indicates that penicillin V produces low levels in milk that are not expected to cause adverse effects in breastfed infants. Occasionally disruption of the infant's gastrointestinal flora, resulting in diarrhea or thrush have been reported with penicillins, but these effects have not been adequately evaluated. Penicillin V is acceptable in nursing mothers.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
In one study, 12 infants were breastfed during maternal penicillin V therapy. Seven appeared normal, 3 had looser stools than normal, and 1 had a rash on the buttocks on the last day of therapy. These effects were possibly related to penicillin V in milk, but no control group was present. One infant had stains of blood in the stool, but it had happened once prior to maternal penicillin V treatment.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

[1]. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) and phenethicillin. Med Clin North Am. 1970 Sep;54(5):1101-11.

[2]. In vitro effect on group A streptococci of loracarbef versus cefadroxil, cefaclor and penicillin V. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25(1):37-42.

[3]. In vitro susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials of clinical Clostridium difficile isolates collected in 1993-2007 in Sweden. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Aug;16(8):1104-10.

[4]. Comparative pharmacodynamics and clinical pharmacokinetics of phenoxymethylpenicillin and pheneticillin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 May;19(5):657-68.

[5]. Prevention of experimental acute otitis media with penicillin V. Acta Otolaryngol. Jan-Feb 1990;109(1-2):119-23.

Penicillin vk+ is an odorless white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. pH (0.5% aqueous solution) 5 to 7.5. (NTP, 1992)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium is an organic potassium salt. It contains a phenoxymethylpenicillin(1-).
Penicillin V Potassium is the potassium salt of penicillin V, a member of the penicillin antibiotic family with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Penicillin V binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.
A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.
See also: Penicillin V (has active moiety).

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Mechanism of Action
The penicillins and their metabolites are potent immunogens because of their ability to combine with proteins and act as haptens for acute antibody-mediated reactions. The most frequent (about 95 percent) or "major" determinant of penicillin allergy is the penicilloyl determinant produced by opening the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin. This allows linkage of the penicillin to protein at the amide group. "Minor" determinants (less frequent) are the other metabolites formed, including native penicillin and penicilloic acids. /Penicillins/
Bactericidal; inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Action is dependent on the ability of penicillins to reach and bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Penicillin-binding proteins (which include transpeptidases, carboxypeptidases, and endopeptidases) are enzymes that are involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Penicillins bind to, and inactivate, penicillin-binding proteins, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and lysis. /Penicillins/

C16H17KN2O5S

388.4793

388.049

132-98-9

Penicillin V-d5;1356837-87-0;Penicillin V;87-08-1;Penicillin V-13C6 potassium;Penicillin V Potassium-d5;2699607-22-0

23676814

White to off-white solid powder

1.40

681.4ºC at 760 mmHg

197-202°C

365.9ºC

1.69E-19mmHg at 25°C

1

6

5

25

553

3

CC1([C@@H](N2[C@H](S1)[C@@H](C2=O)NC(=O)COC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)[O-])C.[K+]

HCTVWSOKIJULET-LQDWTQKMSA-M

InChI=1S/C16H18N2O5S.K/c1-16(2)12(15(21)22)18-13(20)11(14(18)24-16)17-10(19)8-23-9-6-4-3-5-7-9;/h3-7,11-12,14H,8H2,1-2H3,(H,17,19)(H,21,22);/q;+1/p-1/t11-,12+,14-;/m1./s1

potassium;(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenoxyacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate

Penicillin V potassium HSDB 6315 Penicillin VK

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~12 mg/mL (~30.89 mM)
H2O : ~6 mg/mL (~15.44 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.2 mg/mL (3.09 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1.2 mg/mL (3.09 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 1.2 mg/mL (3.09 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (257.41 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)