| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Paeonolide targets inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. It modulates NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production while promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. As a monoterpene glycoside, it may also interact with other cellular targets involved in inflammation and cell survival. Its antioxidant activity is attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and the modulation of key signaling pathways. These activities make it a valuable compound for studying inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that Paeonolide has antioxidant activity. It modulates NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production while promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Its anti-inflammatory effects have been documented in various cell-based models. The compound's ability to promote apoptosis in tumor cells suggests potential anticancer activity. However, detailed in vitro potency data, such as IC₅₀ values for specific activities, are not extensively documented in the available literature. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its in vitro biological activities.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Paeonolide's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities suggest potential therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases and cancer. As a natural product from Paeonia species, which have a long history of use in traditional medicine, it is considered to have potential health benefits. However, specific in vivo efficacy data are not detailed in the available literature. Comprehensive in vivo studies are needed to fully evaluate its therapeutic potential and to establish appropriate dosing regimens for various disease indications.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell enzyme assays for Paeonolide typically involve measuring its antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, or FRAP assays. The compound is incubated with the radical-generating system, and the decrease in absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically to calculate the scavenging activity and IC₅₀ values. Its anti-inflammatory activity can be assessed by measuring the inhibition of inflammatory mediators in cell-free systems. Its binding affinity to its molecular targets can be assessed using surface plasmon resonance or isothermal titration calorimetry. These assays provide quantitative data on the compound's direct effects on specific molecular targets.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Paeonolide use various cell lines to study its biological activities. For anti-inflammatory studies, macrophages or other immune cells stimulated with LPS are used, and the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) is measured by ELISA. The activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways is assessed by Western blotting using phospho-specific antibodies. For antioxidant studies, cells are exposed to oxidative stress and treated with the compound, and parameters such as reactive oxygen species levels and cell viability are assessed. For anticancer studies, cancer cell lines are used, and cell proliferation and apoptosis are assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Paeonolide would likely employ models of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer. For anti-inflammatory studies, models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema or LPS-induced inflammation would be used. For antioxidant studies, models of oxidative stress would be used. For anticancer studies, xenograft models using various cancer cell lines would be used. The compound would be administered orally or intraperitoneally, and parameters such as inflammatory cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers, and tumor growth would be assessed. Pharmacokinetic studies in these models would provide information about the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Paeonolide has a molecular weight of 460.43 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₂₀H₂₈O₁₂. It appears as a white to almost white powder with a melting point of 197°C (dec.). The compound is heat sensitive and should be stored at 2-8°C. It is a plant glycoside that contains a non-reducing terminal α-l-arabinopyranoside. As a glycoside, it is expected to have moderate water solubility and may be hydrolyzed to its aglycone in the gastrointestinal tract. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters have not been extensively characterized.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of Paeonolide has not been comprehensively evaluated in published studies. As a natural product from Paeonia species, which have a long history of use in traditional medicine, it is generally considered to have low toxicity. However, its ability to promote apoptosis in tumor cells suggests that it may have significant biological effects that require careful evaluation. The compound is classified as a research reagent and is not intended for human therapeutic use without further safety evaluation. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Paeonolide is a glycoside.
Paeonolide is a natural monoterpene glycoside isolated from Paeonia species. It is also known as 1-(4-Methoxy-2-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)ethan-1-one. The compound modulates NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production while promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Not approved for clinical use; intended for research purposes only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C20H28O12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
460.4291
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| Exact Mass |
460.158
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| CAS # |
72520-92-4
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| PubChem CID |
442923
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.54±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
749.7±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
197 °C(dec.)
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| Flash Point |
261.2±26.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.626
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| LogP |
0.04
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
32
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| Complexity |
619
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
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| SMILES |
CC(=O)C1=C(C=C(C=C1)OC)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](CO3)O)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
IDZZECHGWAZTIB-NYBIBFQCSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H28O12/c1-8(21)10-4-3-9(28-2)5-12(10)31-20-18(27)16(25)15(24)13(32-20)7-30-19-17(26)14(23)11(22)6-29-19/h3-5,11,13-20,22-27H,6-7H2,1-2H3/t11-,13+,14-,15+,16-,17+,18+,19-,20+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
1-[4-methoxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]ethanone
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~217.19 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 12.5 mg/mL (27.15 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 125.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.43 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.43 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1719 mL | 10.8594 mL | 21.7188 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4344 mL | 2.1719 mL | 4.3438 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2172 mL | 1.0859 mL | 2.1719 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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