Myo-inositol is a precursor for phosphoinositides, which are important components of cell membranes and signaling pathways. It is not a drug with a defined pharmacological target but rather a nutrient and signaling molecule. It serves as a substrate for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, which is involved in various cellular signaling cascades.

In vitro, myo-inositol is used as a cell culture supplement and growth factor. It is a component of many cell culture media formulations. It supports cell growth and proliferation by providing essential precursors for membrane phospholipid synthesis. It also acts as an osmolyte and may have antioxidant properties.

In vivo, myo-inositol functions as a nutrient and signaling molecule. It is involved in insulin signal transduction and may have roles in glucose metabolism. It is used as a dietary supplement for various conditions including polycystic ovary syndrome and metabolic disorders. It is found naturally in many foods.

Non-cellular assays for myo-inositol typically involve analytical chemistry methods to quantify inositol levels. These include HPLC, GC-MS, or enzymatic assays. The compound's identity and purity can be confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry. Inositol can be measured in biological samples to assess nutritional status.

In vitro cellular experiments use myo-inositol as a medium supplement to support cell growth. Cells are cultured in media containing myo-inositol at concentrations typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 mM. Cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic functions can be assessed. Inositol depletion experiments are used to study its role in cellular signaling and membrane biology.

In vivo animal studies involve dietary supplementation with myo-inositol to study its effects on metabolism, neurological function, or reproductive health. Dosing regimens vary depending on the study model. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of inositol can be measured. Efficacy is assessed through relevant biomarkers and functional endpoints.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Inositol is absorbed via the small intestine. In patients with inositol deficiency, peak plasma concentrations occur at 4 hours after oral administration. Inositol is absorbed by tissues via a sodium-dependent inositol cotransporter, which also participates in glucose absorption. The maximum plasma concentration of inositol after oral administration can reach 36-45 μg. Most of the administered dose is excreted in the urine. Pharmacokinetics of inositol were studied in preterm infants, with an estimated volume of distribution of 0.5115 L/kg. Pharmacokinetics of inositol were also studied in preterm infants, with an estimated clearance of 0.0679 L/kg/h. Metabolism/Metabolites It is believed that inositol is metabolized to phosphoinositol, which is then converted to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a precursor to a second messenger molecule. Inositol can be converted to D-chiral inositol by epimerase activity. Normal modifications to the inositol structure appear to exist across all the different isomers.

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Biological half-life
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of inositol in preterm infants were studied, and the elimination half-life was estimated to be 5.22 hours.

Myo-inositol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized and excreted primarily through the kidneys. Plasma levels are regulated by dietary intake and endogenous synthesis. The compound has a half-life of several hours.

Protein Binding
It is believed that inositol can bind to plasma proteins.
Myo-inositol has low toxicity and is generally recognized as safe. High doses may cause gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and diarrhea. The LD₅₀ is high. It is well-tolerated as a dietary supplement. No significant toxicity has been reported at nutritional doses.

Inositol is an inositol with the inositol-configuration. It functions as a compatibility osmotic regulator, a nutrient, an EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C) inhibitor, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. Inositol is an isomer of glucose and has traditionally been considered a B vitamin, but its status as a vitamin is uncertain, and no deficiency has been found in humans. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th edition, p. 1379) Inositol phospholipids play an important role in signal transduction. Inositol has been investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Inositol is a collection of nine different stereoisomers, but usually refers only to the most common type of inositol—inositol. Inositol is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexanol, prepared by precipitation and hydrolysis of crude phytic acid in a water extract of corn kernels. These molecules are structurally similar to glucose and are involved in cell signaling. It is considered a pseudovitamin because it does not meet the criteria for an essential vitamin; although it is vital in the body, a deficiency of this molecule does not cause disease. Inositol was once listed as an ingredient in over-the-counter medications by Health Canada, but all products with inositol as a primary ingredient have been discontinued. Under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), inositol is listed as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substance. D-chiral inositol is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT03201601 (evaluating the efficacy of an inositol:D-chiral inositol 3.6:1 mixture in women with polycystic ovary syndrome). Inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be present in tea trees, apple trees, and other organisms with relevant data. Coconut alcohol, a stereoisomer of inositol, is a plant sugar alcohol primarily found in coconut trees and possesses potential amyloid activity. It exhibits plaque formation inhibitory activity. After oral administration, coconut alcohol can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the formation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain through an undefined mechanism. This may help slow disease progression and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. Inositol is a natural sugar found in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, and the cell nucleus (in phosphate form), possessing potential chemopreventive properties. As one of many intracellular phosphorylated compounds, inositol participates in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation. (NCI04) D-chiral inositol, an isomer of inositol, may be used to improve insulin sensitivity and reproductive function. Oral administration of D-chiral inositol can improve insulin sensitivity, enhance glucose tolerance, affect reproductive hormones and function, and may regulate certain neurotransmitters. Inositol is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pharmacological Indications: Inositol can be used in unlimited quantities in food. As a drug, inositol can be used as a nutritional supplement in special dietary foods and infant formula. Because inositol plays an important role in ensuring egg fertilization, its application in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been investigated. Inositol is currently being investigated for the treatment of diabetes, prevention of metabolic syndrome, weight loss assistance, treatment of depression, mental illness and anxiety, and cancer prevention. Mechanism of Action: The mechanism of action of inositol in brain diseases is not fully understood, but it is generally believed that it may be involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and is a precursor to the phosphatidylinositol cycle. Changes occurring in this cycle mimic the situation where postsynaptic receptors are activated but not truly activated. This activity triggers a pseudoactivation, thereby regulating the activity of monoamines and other neurotransmitters. Reports indicate that insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the clinical development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperinsulinemia can induce excessive androgen production by stimulating the ovaries to produce androgens and reducing serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin. One mechanism of insulin deficiency is thought to be related to the lack of inositol in inositol phosphoglycans. Inositol supplementation can enable it to act as a direct messenger of insulin signals and improve tissue glucose uptake. This mechanism is thought to be related to the role of inositol in diabetes treatment, metabolic syndrome, and weight loss. In cancer, the mechanism of action of inositol is not fully elucidated. It is hypothesized that inositol supplementation can increase the level of low-phosphate inositol phosphate, thereby affecting cell cycle regulation, growth, and differentiation of malignant cells. On the other hand, inositol hexaphosphate, generated after inositol supplementation, can exert antioxidant effects by chelating iron ions and inhibiting hydroxyl radicals.
Myo-inositol is a naturally occurring compound found in many foods. It is used as a dietary supplement and cell culture reagent. It is a precursor for phosphoinositides and is involved in insulin signaling. This product is for research purposes only and is not for human therapeutic or nutritional use.

C6H12O6

180.1559

180.063

87-89-8

892

White to light yellow solid powder

2.0±0.1 g/cm3

291.3±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg

220-228ºC

143.4±21.9 °C

0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.784

-2.11

6

6

0

12

104

0

O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O

CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H

cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

Myoinositol; Hexahydroxycyclohexane; Myo-Inositol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~62.5 mg/mL (~346.91 mM)
DMSO : ~10 mg/mL (~55.51 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1 mg/mL (5.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1 mg/mL (5.55 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)