| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Mitochondria (energy production, ATP synthesis).
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 6322 produces approximately 600 mg of recoverable moniliformin (a mold toxic metabolite) per kilogram of maize residue growth media. Some strains of Fusarium moniliforme can produce more than 800 mg of moniliformin per kilogram of growth medium in experimental cultures [1]. After monocyte-derived macrophages are exposed to streptozotocin throughout the differentiation process, their endocytic capacity declines, and the expression of CD71 and HLA-DR decreases [2].
In vitro, moniliformin interferes with energy production by inhibiting mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. It is a mycotoxin that affects cellular metabolism. The sodium salt form is more stable and soluble in aqueous solutions, making it suitable for laboratory applications. Moniliformin has been used as a mycotoxin standard to test its acute oral toxicity in mice. |
| ln Vivo |
Bephiformin had a lower lethal dose (LD50) in mice, ranging from 20.9 mg/kg for female mice to 29.1 mg/kg for male mice. The mice who withstood the poison showed no negative consequences, as did the chicks. Following therapy, dead mice or chicks return to a recumbent position in 4–6 hours and pass away in 24 hours. There is no evident teratogenic effect on surviving in 4-day-old chicken embryos, with an LD50 of up to 2.8 μg per embryo [1]. After receiving the maximum dosage of bephiformin, the rats' activity levels decreased, and they eventually died of severe heart failure. Lower doses (<9 mg/kg bw) did not cause any harm in rats. All dose groups' neutrophil phagocytic activity was significantly decreased by daily streptozolin consumption. With a LOAEL value of 3 mg/kg bw for biformin, the satellite group's drop during the follow-up period indicated serious immune system consequences. Beliformin is readily eliminated in the urine, with no signs of buildup, ranging from 20.2% to 31.5% of daily excretion. Less than 2% of befomin is found in feces, which suggests effective absorption from the gastrointestinal tract [3].
In vivo, moniliformin has been studied for its toxic effects on cellular metabolism and its role in agricultural contamination. It is a lethal food contaminant to fowl and has been associated with Kashin-Beck disease in humans. The compound is primarily used as a mycotoxin standard in toxicological research. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Moniliformin sodium salt is used as a mycotoxin standard for analytical method development and toxicological studies. No specific enzyme/receptor binding assays are applicable as the compound functions as a metabolic toxin rather than a receptor ligand. For mitochondrial function assays, isolated mitochondria or cell lysates are incubated with moniliformin (1-100 microM) and mitochondrial respiration is measured using oxygen consumption rate (OCR) or ATP production assays.
|
| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays are performed using hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, or other cell lines susceptible to mitochondrial toxins. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium and treated with moniliformin sodium salt at concentrations ranging from 1-1000 microM for 4-24 hours. Cell viability is assessed by MTT, Alamar Blue, or LDH release assays. Mitochondrial function is assessed by measuring ATP levels (luciferase-based assay), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 dye), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Apoptosis is assessed by caspase activity or Annexin V/PI staining.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo toxicity studies are performed in mice or other animal models. Moniliformin sodium salt is administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 1-50 mg/kg. Acute toxicity is assessed by monitoring survival, clinical signs, and body weight over 14 days. Tissue samples (liver, kidney, heart) are collected for histopathological analysis. Biochemical markers of organ damage (ALT, AST, creatinine, BUN) are measured in serum. Mitochondrial function in tissues can be assessed by measuring ATP levels and respiratory chain enzyme activities.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Moniliformin sodium salt (C4HNaO3, MW 120.04) is a small, water-soluble compound. The sodium salt form enhances aqueous solubility and stability compared to the free acid. The compound is stable when stored as a powder at room temperature. Pharmacokinetic properties are not extensively characterized; as a small hydrophilic molecule, it is expected to be rapidly absorbed and distributed, with renal elimination.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity is the primary characteristic of moniliformin. It is a potent mycotoxin that is lethal to fowl and has been associated with Kashin-Beck disease in humans. The compound interferes with mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. Acute toxicity studies in mice have been conducted to assess its toxicological profile. The compound should be handled as a hazardous substance with appropriate precautions.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
See also: Moniliformin (Notes moved to).
Moniliformin sodium salt is a mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species that contaminates cereal crops. It is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. The compound is used as a mycotoxin standard in analytical and toxicological research. It is not a therapeutic agent; it is a toxic compound used for research on mycotoxin contamination, food safety, and mitochondrial toxicity. The sodium salt form is more stable and soluble for laboratory applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4HO3-.NA+
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
120.03874
|
| Exact Mass |
119.982
|
| CAS # |
71376-34-6
|
| Related CAS # |
31876-38-7 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
23691721
|
| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
|
| Boiling Point |
239.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
113ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
8
|
| Complexity |
170
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
FERDNJVXTWPNSA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H2O3.Na/c5-2-1-3(6)4(2)7;/h1,5H;/q;+1/p-1
|
| Chemical Name |
sodium;3,4-dioxocyclobuten-1-olate
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~833.06 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 45 mg/mL (~374.88 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 33.33 mg/mL (277.66 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.3306 mL | 41.6528 mL | 83.3056 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.6661 mL | 8.3306 mL | 16.6611 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8331 mL | 4.1653 mL | 8.3306 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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