| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Mito-apocynin (C2) targets NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes) localized to mitochondria, including NOX2 and NOX4. The TPP moiety directs the compound to the mitochondrial matrix, where apocynin inhibits NOX activity and also directly scavenges ROS. It reduces mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, thereby protecting against oxidative damage in cells and tissues.
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| ln Vitro |
Mito-apocynin (C2) at concentrations of 0.5-50 uM inhibits mitochondrial ROS production in isolated mitochondria and intact cells. In primary cortical neurons, 10 uM Mito-apocynin significantly reduces glutamate-induced mitochondrial superoxide generation measured by MitoSOX. It also protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in various cell lines. Compared to free apocynin, it is 100-1000 times more potent due to mitochondrial accumulation.
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| ln Vivo |
It is possible to achieve anti-neuroinflammatory effects using mito-apocynin (C2) (3 mg/kg; oral; once daily for 12 days) [1].
In animal models, Mito-apocynin (C2) (5-10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) has shown efficacy. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (MPTP-induced), Mito-apocynin reduced dopaminergic neuron loss and improved motor coordination. In a rat model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, administration prior to reperfusion decreased infarct size by approximately 40% compared to vehicle. In a sepsis model, it reduced organ damage and improved survival. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For isolated mitochondrial assays: Isolate mitochondria from mouse liver or brain tissue. Resuspend in assay buffer (125 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EGTA, pH 7.4). Add Mito-apocynin (0.1-100 uM) and incubate for 10 min. Add substrates (succinate or NADH). Measure ROS production using Amplex Red (50 uM) plus horseradish peroxidase (0.1 U/mL) or use MitoSOX (5 uM) specifically for superoxide. Record fluorescence over 20-30 minutes.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based ROS measurement: Culture neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y or primary neurons). Pre-incubate with Mito-apocynin (1-50 uM) for 1-2 hours. Induce oxidative stress with glutamate (5-10 mM, 24 h) or rotenone (1 uM, 24 h). Add MitoSOX Red (5 uM) for 10 min, then wash. Analyze by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. For viability, use MTT or LDH release assays. The C2 linker gives faster mitochondrial accumulation than C11.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Parkinson's disease MPTP mouse model [1]
Doses: 3 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); one time/day for 12 days Experimental Results: Dramatically attenuated MPTP-induced glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cells Factor upregulation, inducible nitric oxide synthase and NOX2 components (gp91phox). For mouse model of Parkinson's: C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks) receive MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 5 days. Mito-apocynin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) is administered 1 hour before each MPTP injection and then daily for 7 days after the last MPTP dose. On day 12, perfuse mice, fix brains, and section. Perform immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra. Measure striatal dopamine and its metabolites by HPLC. Compare to MPTP+vehicle and sham controls. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No detailed PK data is available for Mito-apocynin (C2). The TPP cation drives rapid and high accumulation in mitochondria (100-500 fold concentration gradient). The C2 linker is shorter than C11, leading to faster cellular uptake but potentially less specificity for mitochondria in some cell types. The compound is cleared slowly with the TPP moiety causing tissue retention. The plasma half-life is expected to be several hours, but definitive studies are lacking.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In animal studies, Mito-apocynin (C2) at 5-10 mg/kg (i.p.) was well tolerated, with no signs of acute toxicity, weight loss, or behavioral changes. At higher doses (e.g., 50 mg/kg), mild lethargy was observed. The apocynin parent has low toxicity. However, prolonged exposure to TPP compounds may interfere with mitochondrial function; caution is advised for chronic studies. Standard safety precautions should be used.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Mito-apocynin (C2) is a research compound intended for laboratory use only, not for clinical therapy. It is a valuable tool for studying the role of mitochondrial ROS in neurodegeneration, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The compound is supplied as a lyophilized powder. Store at -20degC, protected from light. It is soluble in DMSO (up to 50 mM). No clinical trials have been registered for this compound.
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| Molecular Formula |
C28H27BRNO3P
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
536.396647691727
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| Exact Mass |
535.091
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| CAS # |
1254044-41-1
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| PubChem CID |
49802132
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
34
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| Complexity |
550
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Br-].[P+](C1C=CC=CC=1)(C1C=CC=CC=1)(C1C=CC=CC=1)CCNC(C1C=CC(=C(C=1)OC)O)=O
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| InChi Key |
VCBKDUGPZYICTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C28H26NO3P.BrH/c1-32-27-21-22(17-18-26(27)30)28(31)29-19-20-33(23-11-5-2-6-12-23,24-13-7-3-8-14-24)25-15-9-4-10-16-25;/h2-18,21H,19-20H2,1H3,(H-,29,30,31);1H
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| Chemical Name |
2-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]ethyl-triphenylphosphanium;bromide
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| Synonyms |
Mitoapocynin (C2); Mito apocynin (C2)
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~186.43 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.66 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8643 mL | 9.3214 mL | 18.6428 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3729 mL | 1.8643 mL | 3.7286 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1864 mL | 0.9321 mL | 1.8643 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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