| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Mito-apocynin targets NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes) that are associated with mitochondria, as well as the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The TPP moiety directs the compound to the mitochondrial matrix, where apocynin can inhibit NOX2 (also known as gp91phox) and possibly NOX4. By scavenging ROS and inhibiting NOX activity, it reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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| ln Vitro |
Mito-apocynin (C11) at concentrations of 1-50 uM inhibits mitochondrial ROS production in isolated mitochondria and in intact cells. It reduces superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels measured by MitoSOX and Amplex Red assays. In primary neurons, it protects against glutamate-induced oxidative stress and cell death. It does not affect cytosolic ROS at these concentrations due to its mitochondrial localization.
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| ln Vivo |
Mito-apocynin-C11 (3 mg/kg; given three times a week via interface gavage, starting at 3 months of age) LRRK2R1441G mice's coordinated motor and sensory functions were markedly enhanced [1].
In animal models, Mito-apocynin (C11) has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (MPTP-induced), administration of Mito-apocynin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily for 7 days) reduced loss of dopaminergic neurons and improved motor function. In a rat model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion, it decreased infarct size and preserved mitochondrial function. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For isolated mitochondrial assays: Isolate mitochondria from mouse liver or brain using differential centrifugation. Resuspend mitochondria in assay buffer (125 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EGTA, pH 7.4). Add Mito-apocynin (1-100 uM) and incubate for 10 minutes. Measure ROS production by adding Amplex Red (50 uM) and horseradish peroxidase (0.1 U/mL) with or without succinate or NADH as substrates. Monitor fluorescence (excitation 530 nm, emission 590 nm) over 30 minutes.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based ROS measurement: Culture neuronal cell lines (e.g., SH-SY5Y) in DMEM with 10% FBS. Pretreat cells with Mito-apocynin (1-50 uM) for 1 hour. Induce oxidative stress with glutamate (5-10 mM) or rotenone (1 uM) for 24 hours. Incubate with MitoSOX Red (5 uM, 10 min at 37degC). Wash and measure fluorescence by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. Cell viability can be assessed using MTT or LDH release assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: LRRK2R1441G mice[1]
Doses: 3 mg/kg Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); 3 times/week, from 3 months to 15 months of age. Experimental Results: Coordinated motor function and olfactory function were Dramatically improved. For mouse models of neurodegeneration: Administer Mito-apocynin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily) for 3-7 days prior to MPTP treatment (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily for 5 days). Continue Mito-apocynin during MPTP treatment and for an additional 7 days after the last MPTP injection. Euthanize mice and perfuse with paraformaldehyde. Dissect substantia nigra and striatum. Perform tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry to quantify dopaminergic neuron survival. Measure striatal dopamine levels by HPLC. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
No detailed pharmacokinetic data is publicly available for Mito-apocynin (C11). The TPP cation facilitates rapid mitochondrial accumulation (100-1000-fold concentration gradient), which is maintained over hours. The C11 spacer optimizes mitochondrial uptake. The compound is expected to be cleared slowly, with the TPP moiety contributing to tissue retention. Oral bioavailability has not been reported; intraperitoneal administration is used in published studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In published studies, Mito-apocynin at 5-10 mg/kg (i.p.) was well tolerated without obvious toxicity in mice. No significant weight loss or behavioral changes were observed. Higher doses have not been systematically evaluated. The apocynin parent compound has a good safety profile. However, the TPP moiety can accumulate in mitochondria over prolonged exposure, potentially interfering with mitochondrial function at very high concentrations or extended dosing schedules.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Mito-apocynin (C11) is a research compound not yet approved for clinical use. It is structurally similar to Mito-apocynin (C2) but with a longer C11 spacer, which may affect mitochondrial uptake efficiency. This compound is useful as a tool to dissect the role of mitochondrial ROS in disease models. Store as a lyophilized powder at -20degC, protected from light. No clinical trials have been registered.
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| Molecular Formula |
C37H44BRO4P
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
663.620631217957
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| Exact Mass |
662.216
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| CAS # |
1254044-38-6
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| PubChem CID |
49802417
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
18
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| Heavy Atom Count |
43
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| Complexity |
680
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Br-].[P+](C1C=CC=CC=1)(C1C=CC=CC=1)(C1C=CC=CC=1)CCCCCCCCCCCOC(C1C=CC(=C(C=1)OC)O)=O
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| InChi Key |
VWMXQDPFRLJGQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C37H43O4P.BrH/c1-40-36-30-31(26-27-35(36)38)37(39)41-28-18-7-5-3-2-4-6-8-19-29-42(32-20-12-9-13-21-32,33-22-14-10-15-23-33)34-24-16-11-17-25-34;/h9-17,20-27,30H,2-8,18-19,28-29H2,1H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
11-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)oxyundecyl-triphenylphosphanium;bromide
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| Synonyms |
Mitoapocynin (C11); Mito apocynin (C11)
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~150.69 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.77 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.77 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (3.77 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.5069 mL | 7.5344 mL | 15.0689 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3014 mL | 1.5069 mL | 3.0138 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1507 mL | 0.7534 mL | 1.5069 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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