| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary targets of Methoxyacetic acid include testicular germ cells, where it induces apoptosis and disrupts spermatogenesis. It also targets various cellular pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. As a metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol, it is responsible for the reproductive and developmental toxicity associated with exposure to the parent solvent. The compound’s mutagenic and antineoplastic activities suggest it may interact with DNA or cellular replication machinery. These targets make it relevant for toxicology, reproductive health, and cancer research.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Methoxyacetic acid induces apoptosis in various cell types, including testicular germ cells and cancer cell lines. It causes cell cycle arrest and promotes programmed cell death through mitochondrial pathways and caspase activation. The compound is used in cell culture studies to investigate mechanisms of reproductive toxicity and to evaluate potential protective strategies against solvent-induced damage. It also exhibits antineoplastic activity, inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells in vitro. These activities make it a useful tool for studying apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and the toxicological effects of alkoxyacetic acid metabolites.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Methoxyacetic acid is the primary toxic metabolite responsible for the reproductive and developmental toxicity of 2-methoxyethanol. Exposure to MAA in animal models results in testicular atrophy, decreased sperm count, and impaired fertility. The compound also causes developmental abnormalities in offspring following maternal exposure during pregnancy. Its antineoplastic activity has been evaluated in animal models of cancer, where it demonstrates some tumor-inhibitory effects. However, its clinical use as an anticancer agent is limited by its significant toxicity to normal tissues, particularly the reproductive system.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (cell-free) assays for Methoxyacetic acid are limited, as it is not a conventional enzyme inhibitor or receptor ligand. However, the compound can be used to study the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzymes involved in its formation from 2-methoxyethanol. Enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring NADH or NADPH production at 340 nm. The compound’s interaction with DNA can be assessed using gel electrophoresis or spectroscopic techniques. All assays include appropriate controls and reference compounds.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Methoxyacetic acid are conducted using testicular germ cell lines, Sertoli cell lines, or various cancer cell lines. Cells are treated with compound concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 mM for 24-72 hours. Apoptosis is assessed by annexin V/PI staining, caspase activity assays, and DNA fragmentation analysis. Cell cycle analysis is performed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Oxidative stress markers are measured using fluorescent probes. Experiments include vehicle controls and positive controls (e.g., known apoptosis inducers).
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with Methoxyacetic acid are conducted in rodent models to assess reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and anticancer activity. The compound is administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or subcutaneous injection at doses ranging from 50-500 mg/kg. For reproductive toxicity studies, testicular weight, sperm count, and histopathology are assessed. For developmental toxicity studies, fetal abnormalities and maternal toxicity are evaluated. For anticancer studies, tumor growth is monitored in xenograft models. Each group consists of 6-10 animals with appropriate vehicle controls.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Methoxyacetic acid include its formation as a metabolite of 2-methoxyethanol through oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Following absorption, MAA distributes widely to tissues, with the highest concentrations found in the testes. The compound has a half-life of approximately 3-6 hours in rodents. Elimination occurs primarily via renal excretion of the unchanged compound. Its pharmacokinetics are dose-dependent, with saturation of elimination pathways at high doses. The compound is highly water-soluble due to its polar nature.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Methoxyacetic acid indicate that it is a reproductive toxicant, causing testicular atrophy, decreased sperm production, and impaired fertility in animal models. It is also a developmental toxicant, causing fetal malformations and growth retardation following maternal exposure. The compound is mutagenic in bacterial assays and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen. Acute exposure may cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The toxicological properties have not been fully characterized, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken during handling.
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| Additional Infomation |
Methoxyacetic acid is a colorless liquid. (NTP, 1992)
Methoxyacetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid, a product of acetic acid molecule in which one methyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a methoxy group. It can be used as a human xenobiotic metabolite, apoptosis inducer, mutagen, and antitumor agent. It is a monocarboxylic acid and ether. Its function is related to acetic acid. It is the conjugate acid of methoxyacetic acid ester. Methoxyacetic acid is a key metabolite of the industrial solvent 2-methoxyethanol and is responsible for its reproductive and developmental toxicity. It is used as a research chemical in toxicology studies, reproductive biology, and cancer research. The compound is also used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis. It is not approved for diagnostic or therapeutic use and is intended for research purposes only. As a mutagen and potential carcinogen, it requires careful handling with appropriate personal protective equipment. |
| Molecular Formula |
C3H6O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
90.07794
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| Exact Mass |
90.031
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| CAS # |
625-45-6
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| Related CAS # |
Methoxyacetic acid-d3;345910-00-1
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| PubChem CID |
12251
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
201.0±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
7-9 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
94.0±13.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.402
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| LogP |
-0.96
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
6
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| Complexity |
50
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
COCC(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
RMIODHQZRUFFFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-6-2-3(4)5/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5)
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| Chemical Name |
2-methoxyacetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~1110.12 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~1110.12 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (27.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 11.1012 mL | 55.5062 mL | 111.0124 mL | |
| 5 mM | 2.2202 mL | 11.1012 mL | 22.2025 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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