| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| Other Sizes |
| ln Vitro |
WT 10403S has MICs of 34 mM, 25 mM, 31 mM, and 30 mM against acids (such maleic acid), which translate to pre-growth pH values of 4.84, 5.14, 5.32, and 5.02, in that order. Maleic acid, which functions at a lower pH (4.84), exhibited the least inhibitory effect of all the chemicals examined. At pH 3, 8.6 mM and 4.3 mM of each organic acid were given to the strains that were the least acid-tolerant (EGD-e) and the most acid-tolerant (10403S), respectively. Maleic acid had the greatest bactericidal effect on these two strains [2].
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Maleic acid is a colorless crystalline solid with a slight odor. It is flammable, but requires some effort to ignite. It is soluble in water. It is used in the manufacture of other chemicals and in the dyeing and finishing of natural fibers. Maleic acid is a butenedioic acid with a cis (Z) configuration of its double bonds. It is a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. It is the conjugate acid of maleate (1-) and maleate. Maleic acid has been reported to be found in European aspen (Populus tremula), spotted madder (Psychotria punctata), and several other organisms with relevant data. Maleic acid is an organic salt or ester of maleic acid that can be combined with free base compounds/drugs to improve its physicochemical properties, including stability, solubility, and dissolution rate. (NCI) Maleic acid is an industrial feedstock for the ozone decomposition process to produce glyoxylic acid. Maleic acid is an organic compound belonging to the dicarboxylic acid family (containing two carboxyl groups in the molecule). The molecule consists of one vinyl group and two carboxyl groups. Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenic acid, while fumaric acid is its trans isomer. The cis isomer is less stable, and their heats of combustion differ by 22.7 kJ/mol. The physical properties of maleic acid are drastically different from those of fumaric acid. Maleic acid is soluble in water, while fumaric acid is insoluble; the melting point of maleic acid (130-131°C) is also much lower than that of fumaric acid (287°C). These properties of maleic acid can be attributed to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which weaken intermolecular interactions. Maleic acid undergoes dehydration to produce maleic anhydride, hydration to produce malic acid, and hydrogenation to produce succinic acid. It reacts with thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride to produce maleyl chloride (which cannot be isolated to obtain monoacyl chloride). Maleic acid is a reactant in many Diels-Alder reactions. See also: Surfactants (monomers); Iron polymers (monomers)... See more...
Mechanism of Action Systemic toxicity of maleic acid has been observed to cause kidney damage. Intraperitoneal injection (100–350 mg/kg; rats, dogs) and inhalation of approximately 720 mg/mc (rat) both caused morphological and functional changes in the kidneys. Damage to distal and proximal tubular reabsorption caused by maleic acid is similar to known (congenital or acquired) Fanconi syndrome in humans. This damage appears to be caused by the interaction of maleic acid with glutathione in renal tubular cells, leading to excessive concentrations of free radicals and peroxides. In addition to the resulting cellular damage, maleic acid appears to affect Na+ and H+ ion transport in the proximal tubules [RE5]. In male rats, prolonged exposure to maleic acid (250, 500, 750 mg/kg/day for up to two years) resulted in increased mortality, kidney damage, and growth retardation in all dose groups. Liver and testicular damage were also observed in the highest dose group. No carcinogenic activity of maleic acid was found with long-term administration, but this study was not intended to conduct a carcinogenicity study. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H4O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
116.07
|
| Exact Mass |
116.01
|
| CAS # |
110-16-7
|
| Related CAS # |
Maleic Acid-d2;24461-33-4
|
| PubChem CID |
444266
|
| Appearance |
Monoclinic prisms from water
White crystals from water, alcohol and benzene Colorless crystals |
| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
355.5±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
134-138ºC
|
| Flash Point |
183.0±19.7 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.526
|
| LogP |
-0.01
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
8
|
| Complexity |
119
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
O([H])C(/C(/[H])=C(/[H])\C(=O)O[H])=O
|
| InChi Key |
VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1-
|
| Chemical Name |
2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-
|
| Synonyms |
Maleic acid Kyselina maleinova 2-Butenedioic acidcis-Butenedioic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~861.55 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (861.55 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 8.6155 mL | 43.0775 mL | 86.1549 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.7231 mL | 8.6155 mL | 17.2310 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8615 mL | 4.3077 mL | 8.6155 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT04293081 | Completed | Drug: Preemptive chlorepheniramine maleate intravenous injection |
Agitated; State, Acute Reaction to Stress |
Ain Shams University | January 16, 2019 | Not Applicable |
| NCT03667131 | Completed | Drug: Enalapril Maleate Drug: Placebo |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | University of Guadalajara | February 13, 2017 | Phase 2 |
| NCT04486911 | Active, not recruiting | Drug: Pyrotinib maleate, SHR6390, letrozole |
Breast Cancer | Shengjing Hospital | July 27, 2020 | Phase 2 |
| NCT05228951 | Recruiting | Drug: Pyrotinib maleate, dalpiciclib, Trastuzumab, letrozole |
Breast Cancer | Shengjing Hospital | February 10, 2022 | Phase 2 |
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