Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
In chronic toxicity studies… linoron… fed to rats and dogs at dietary levels… 25 to 2500 ppm… for two consecutive years… the total aniline residues in blood and… (muscle, fat, liver, kidney, spleen) were several ppm to 100 ppm. … The residues represent only a very small fraction of the total herbicide ingested by the animals. Linoron is most readily absorbed through the roots; absorption through leaves and stems is less. However, foliar absorption… is significantly higher than with diuron, montmorillon, or fenruron. … Transport is primarily upward into the xylem. …Residue data… obtained in short-term elimination experiments… the total amount of radioactive material remaining in blood and various tissues after 72 hours… does not exceed and is generally well below 1% of the administered dose. Metabolisms/Metabolites … A linoron-inducible enzyme was obtained from Bacillus spheroidae. This acylamidase degrades linoron by hydrolyzing the amide bond, releasing carbon dioxide and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine. This enzyme is specific for methoxylated phenylurea compounds and does not hydrolyze 1,1-dimethylphenylurea compounds. Greenhouse studies have shown that lineuron enters the tissues of maize (Zea mays L), soybean (Glycine max L), and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L) by absorbing water. Demethyllineuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline were detected in these plant tissues. ...Some lineuron is present in plants...
Lineuron... was fed to albino rats. Urine... analysis of metabolites/&/ revealed free N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N'-methylurea, and 3,4-dichloroaniline. N-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dichlorophenyl)-N'-methylurea, N-(5-hydroxy-3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, and 6-acetamido-2,3-dichlorophenol... were identified as glucuronides or sulfates. In rats, linuron is metabolized via demethoxylation and benzene ring hydroxylation. The major metabolite in urine is a urea derivative; unmetabolized linuron was not detected. Only trace amounts of 3,4-dichloroaniline were detected. If the main metabolic pathway of linuron in humans is to dichloroaniline, methemoglobinemia should be expected after toxic doses. For more complete metabolite/metabolite data on linuron (9 metabolites in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Toxicity Summary
Linoron is a weak androgen receptor competitive inhibitor that inhibits androgen-induced gene expression in vitro. This may partially contribute to androgen-dependent tissue malformations in male rats. (A9961) Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) = 48 mg/m³/4h Non-human Toxicity Values LD50 Rabbit transdermal administration > 5000 mg ai (based on 50% wettable powder)/kg LD50 Female rat oral administration 4000 mg/kg (starch mucus/technical grade linoron) LC50 Rat inhalation > 4.06 mg/l air/4 hours LD50 Rabbit oral administration 2250 mg/kg For more complete non-human toxicity data for linoron (out of 11), please visit the HSDB records page.

[1]. Functional Redundancy of Linuron Degradation in Microbial Communities in Agricultural Soil and Biopurification Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016 Apr 18;82(9):2843-2853.

[2]. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Linuron: An Antiandrogenic Herbicide That Produces Reproductive Malformations in Male Rats. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Aug;56(2):389-99.

[3]. Reproductive Toxicity of Linuron Following Gestational Exposure in Rats and Underlying Mechanisms. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Jan 15;266:49-55.

[4]. Various Effects of the Photosystem II--inhibiting Herbicides on 5-n-alkylresorcinol Accumulation in Rye Seedlings. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2014 Nov;116:56-62.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), linuron may have developmental toxicity. Linuron is a colorless, non-corrosive crystal used as a herbicide. Linuron belongs to the phenylurea class of compounds, with the structure N-methylurea, substituted at the 1-position with a methoxy group and at the 3-position with a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group. It is an exogenous substance, environmental pollutant, herbicide, and agrochemical. It is a dichlorobenzene, belonging to the phenylurea class of compounds, and its function is related to N-methylurea. Linuron is a herbicide used to control the pre- and post-emergence growth of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It has selective and systemic action, with both contact and residual effects. It is known to inhibit photosynthesis (photosystem II). A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (Excerpt from Merck Index, 11th edition) Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of photosynthesis.

C9H10CL2N2O2

249.09

248.011

330-55-2

Linuron-d6;1219804-76-8

9502

White to off-white solid powder

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

361.7±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg

93-94°C

172.6±30.7 °C

0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.556

3.33

1

2

2

15

228

0

XKJMBINCVNINCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H10Cl2N2O2/c1-13(15-2)9(14)12-6-3-4-7(10)8(11)5-6/h3-5H,1-2H3,(H,12,14)

Urea, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methyl-

Garnitan Herbicide 326Linuron

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~401.46 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.04 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.04 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)