| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Lactulose does not have a specific biological target. As a non-absorbable disaccharide, it reaches the colon intact, where it is fermented by colonic bacteria. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (e.g., lactic acid, acetic acid), which lower the pH of the colonic contents. This acidic environment draws water into the bowel, increasing stool volume and promoting a laxative effect. In hepatic encephalopathy, the acidic environment traps ammonia (NH₃) as ammonium (NH₄⁺), reducing its absorption and lowering blood ammonia levels.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, lactulose is used as a substrate for studying bacterial fermentation. Its effects on the growth of health-promoting bacteria can be assessed in anaerobic culture models. Its physicochemical properties, such as its sweetness and solubility, are well-characterized.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, lactulose is used clinically as a laxative and for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. It is administered orally or rectally. Its laxative effect is due to its osmotic activity in the colon. In hepatic encephalopathy, it helps reduce blood ammonia levels by altering the colonic environment.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cell-based assays for lactulose are not typical, as it is a sugar alcohol with a physicochemical mechanism of action. Its identity and purity are assessed using analytical techniques such as HPLC and GC. Its sweetness and other physicochemical properties are measured.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for lactulose are not typically performed, as it is a drug with a physicochemical mechanism of action. However, its effects on the growth of colonic bacteria could be studied in anaerobic culture models.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal models for lactulose are not extensively detailed in the available literature. However, its laxative effects are studied in animal models of constipation. Its effects on hepatic encephalopathy are studied in animal models of liver failure.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
After oral administration, less than 3% of the administered dose of lactulose solution is absorbed by the small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed lactulose reaches the large intestine and is metabolized there—but even then, only a very small amount of unmetabolized lactulose or its metabolites is absorbed via the colon. The proportion of lactulose excreted by the kidneys (even if absorbed into the bloodstream) has been determined to be 3% or less, and is usually completely eliminated within 24 hours. Most of the unabsorbed lactulose is excreted in feces. A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Subsequent ingested lactulose largely remains around the gastrointestinal tract. A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Nevertheless, data on lactulose clearance are not readily available. Metabolism/Metabolites Lactulose is primarily metabolized only in the colon by glycolytic bacteria present. Specifically, the substance is broken down into lactic acid and small amounts of acetic acid and formic acid. Common E. coli bacteria capable of metabolizing lactulose include Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium. Biological Half-Life Data on the half-life of lactulose is not readily available or accessible. Lactulose has a molecular weight of 342.30 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Its CAS number is 4618-18-2. The compound is a white powder. It is soluble in water. Melting point is approximately 169°C. Storage conditions: room temperature. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Protein Binding
A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Nevertheless, data on lactulose protein binding is not readily available or accessible. Lactulose has a well-established safety profile from its clinical use. Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, such as flatulence and abdominal cramps. The compound is for research use only in the context of this request and is not for human consumption. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics
Lactulose preparations are most commonly administered orally or rectally. Therefore, because this substance is absorbed very little in the intestines, it typically remains in the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately exerts almost all of its pharmacological effects there. In particular, lactulose exerts its laxative effect by increasing stool volume and softening stool; this biochemical and physiological activity leads to increased bowel sounds (hypertonia), bloating, belching, frequent flatulence, and diarrhea. Lactulose is a synthetic, non-absorbable disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose. It is a stimulator of health-promoting bacterium growth in the gastrointestinal tract. It is used to treat chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Its CAS number is 4618-18-2. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H22O11
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
342.297
|
| Exact Mass |
342.116
|
| CAS # |
4618-18-2
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| PubChem CID |
11333
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.32 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
680.5±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
~169 °C (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
365.4±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.8 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.656
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| LogP |
-3.21
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
395
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@@]([C@H]2O)(CO)O)CO)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
|
| Synonyms |
Cholac; Lactulose
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~292.14 mM)
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~73.04 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (292.14 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9214 mL | 14.6071 mL | 29.2141 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5843 mL | 2.9214 mL | 5.8428 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2921 mL | 1.4607 mL | 2.9214 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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