| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
After oral administration, less than 3% of the administered dose of lactulose solution is absorbed by the small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed lactulose reaches the large intestine and is metabolized there—but even then, only a very small amount of unmetabolized lactulose or its metabolites is absorbed via the colon. The proportion of lactulose excreted by the kidneys (even if absorbed into the bloodstream) has been determined to be 3% or less, and is usually completely eliminated within 24 hours. Most of the unabsorbed lactulose is excreted in feces. A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Subsequent ingested lactulose largely remains around the gastrointestinal tract. A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Nevertheless, data on lactulose clearance are not readily available. Metabolism/Metabolites Lactulose is primarily metabolized only in the colon by glycolytic bacteria present. Specifically, the substance is broken down into lactic acid and small amounts of acetic acid and formic acid. Common E. coli bacteria capable of metabolizing lactulose include Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium. Biological Half-Life Data on the half-life of lactulose is not readily available or accessible. |
|---|---|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Protein Binding
A very small amount of lactulose (whether metabolized or not) is absorbed by the body. Nevertheless, data on lactulose protein binding is not readily available or accessible. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics
Lactulose preparations are most commonly administered orally or rectally. Therefore, because this substance is absorbed very little in the intestines, it typically remains in the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately exerts almost all of its pharmacological effects there. In particular, lactulose exerts its laxative effect by increasing stool volume and softening stool; this biochemical and physiological activity leads to increased bowel sounds (hypertonia), bloating, belching, frequent flatulence, and diarrhea. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H22O11
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
342.297
|
| Exact Mass |
342.116
|
| CAS # |
4618-18-2
|
| PubChem CID |
11333
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.32 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
680.5±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
~169 °C (dec.)
|
| Flash Point |
365.4±31.5 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.8 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.656
|
| LogP |
-3.21
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
395
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
|
| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@@]([C@H]2O)(CO)O)CO)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
|
| Synonyms |
Cholac; Lactulose
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~292.14 mM)
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~73.04 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.30 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (292.14 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9214 mL | 14.6071 mL | 29.2141 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5843 mL | 2.9214 mL | 5.8428 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2921 mL | 1.4607 mL | 2.9214 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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