| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
IPTG targets the lac repressor protein, which regulates the expression of genes in the lac operon. By binding to the lac repressor, IPTG causes a conformational change that reduces the repressor's affinity for the lac operator DNA sequence. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe genes downstream of the lac promoter, leading to the expression of target proteins. IPTG does not bind to the allolactose binding site of the lac repressor but induces a similar conformational change.
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| ln Vitro |
IPTG is being fed via E. Due to the involvement of other transporters, coli can function independently of lactose permease. IPTG enters cells through lactose permease at low doses, although it can enter cells on its own at high concentrations (often employed for protein induction) [1].
In vitro, IPTG is used to induce protein expression in bacterial cultures. It is added to bacterial growth media at concentrations typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 mM. IPTG induces the expression of recombinant proteins from vectors containing the lac promoter or its derivatives (e.g., T7/lac promoter). The compound's activity is assessed by measuring the expression of target proteins using SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, or enzymatic activity assays. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, IPTG is not used as a therapeutic agent. It is a research reagent used in molecular biology and biotechnology applications for the production of recombinant proteins in bacterial expression systems. IPTG is administered to bacterial cultures in laboratory settings to induce protein expression for research, diagnostic, and industrial purposes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro activity of IPTG is assessed using lac repressor binding assays or by measuring reporter gene expression. For lac repressor binding, the protein is incubated with radiolabeled IPTG or a fluorescent IPTG analog, and binding affinity is measured. For induction studies, bacterial cells harboring a lac promoter-driven reporter gene (e.g., lacZ encoding β-galactosidase) are treated with various concentrations of IPTG, and reporter activity is measured. The optimal concentration for induction is determined by dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular assays, E. coli cells containing a lac promoter-driven expression plasmid are cultured in LB or other growth media. Cells are grown to mid-log phase (OD600 ~0.6), and IPTG is added at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mM. After induction for 2-24 hours, cells are harvested, and protein expression is analyzed by SDS-PAGE or Western blotting. For β-galactosidase reporter assays, cells are lysed, and enzyme activity is measured using the chromogenic substrate ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside).
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo, IPTG is not administered to animals. Its applications are limited to in vitro bacterial culture systems. In laboratory settings, IPTG is added directly to bacterial cultures, and the induction of protein expression is monitored over time. The compound is not used in mammalian systems because it does not cross cell membranes efficiently and is not effective for inducing lac-based expression systems in mammalian cells.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
IPTG has a molecular weight of 238.30 g/mol and a molecular formula of C9H18O5S. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and DMSO. The compound should be stored at -20°C or 4°C in a dry environment to prevent degradation. Stock solutions are typically prepared at 1 M concentration in sterile water and stored at -20°C. IPTG is stable for long periods when stored properly.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
IPTG is considered to have low toxicity in bacterial cultures at the concentrations used for protein induction (0.1-1 mM). However, high concentrations may inhibit bacterial growth. In mammalian systems, IPTG has low toxicity but is not commonly used due to poor cellular uptake. The compound is not intended for human use and should be handled with standard laboratory safety precautions.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside is an S-glycoside compound composed of β-D-1-thiogalactose with an isopropyl group attached to its terminal sulfur atom. It is a non-metabolizable galactose analog that can induce the expression of the LAC operon. Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside has been reported to exist in Pogostemon cablin, and relevant data exist. It is a non-metabolizable galactose analog that can induce the expression of the LAC operon.
IPTG is one of the most widely used reagents in molecular biology for the induction of protein expression in bacterial systems. It was first described in the 1960s and has become a standard tool for recombinant protein production. IPTG is used in various applications, including protein purification, structural biology, enzyme assays, and the production of biopharmaceuticals. The compound is available from numerous chemical suppliers and is a staple reagent in molecular biology laboratories worldwide. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H18O5S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
238.298
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| Exact Mass |
238.087
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| CAS # |
367-93-1
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| PubChem CID |
656894
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
438.4±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
105 °C
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| Flash Point |
218.9±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.578
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| LogP |
-1.01
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
201
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CC(C)S[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
BPHPUYQFMNQIOC-NXRLNHOXSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H18O5S/c1-4(2)15-9-8(13)7(12)6(11)5(3-10)14-9/h4-13H,3H2,1-2H3/t5-,6+,7+,8-,9+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-propan-2-ylsulfanyloxane-3,4,5-triol
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| Synonyms |
Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside; Isopropy-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~419.64 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 60 mg/mL (~251.78 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (419.64 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1964 mL | 20.9820 mL | 41.9639 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8393 mL | 4.1964 mL | 8.3928 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4196 mL | 2.0982 mL | 4.1964 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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