| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
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Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Dye; Biochemical Assay Reagents
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| ln Vitro |
Protective equipment for detecting bacterial contamination has been in high demand with increasing interest in public health and hygiene. Herein, a fiber-based visually indicating bacteria sensor (VIBS) embedded with iodonitrotetrazolium chloride is developed for the general purpose of detecting live bacteria, and its chromogenic effectiveness is investigated for Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus. The developed color intensity is measured by the light absorption coefficient to the scattering coefficient (K/S) based on the Kubelka-Munk equation, and the colorimetric sensitivities of different membranes are examined by calculating the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ). The results demonstrate that the interactions between VIBS and bacteria depend on the wetting properties of membranes. A hydrophobic membrane shows excessive interactions at high concentrations of Gram-negative E. coli bacteria, whose cell membrane is lipophilic. The membrane blended with hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers displays linear colorimetric responses for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains, demonstrating a reliable sensing capability in the range of the tested bacteria concentration. This study is significant in that explorative experimentations are performed to conceive a proof of concept of a fiber-based bacteria sensor, which is readily applicable in various fields where bacteria pose a threat[1].
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| ln Vivo |
Knowledge of the magnitude and variability of plankton respiration is a crucial gap in our understanding of marine carbon cycling. In order to validate the INT reduction method as a proxy for plankton respiration, we have compiled and analyzed a dataset (n = 376) of concurrent measurements of dissolved oxygen consumption (CRO2) and in vivo reduction of 2-para (iodophenyl)-3(nitrophenyl)-5(phenyl) tetrazolium chloride tetrazolium salt ( iodonitrotetrazolium chloride/INT ) spanning a wide range of oceanic regions and physicochemical conditions. Data were randomly divided into two independent subgroups: two thirds of the data were used to derive a regression conversion between dissolved oxygen consumption and INT reduction (“training” dataset) and one third of the data was used to validate the regression (“test” dataset). There was a significant relationship between the log-transformed dissolved oxygen consumption rates and the log-transformed INT reduction rates (INTT) with the “training” dataset (logCRO2 = 0.72logINTT + 0.44, R2 = 0.69, n = 249, p < 0.001). The estimated oxygen consumption rates obtained applying the former equation were compared to the measured dissolved oxygen consumption rates from the “test” dataset which spans over three orders of magnitude range of respiration rates. There was no significant difference between the measured and estimated dissolved oxygen consumption rates, indicating that the INT reduction method can be used as a proxy for respiration in natural plankton communities. Further analysis dividing the data by temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration, indicated that the predictive capacity of the empirical conversion equation is increased at temperatures >8∘C and chlorophyll-a concentrations >0.2 μg L-1 and reduced at lower temperatures and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The results of this study endorse the adequate performance and reliability of the INT method for natural plankton communities[3].
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| Enzyme Assay |
A spectrophotometric assay method for determining succinate dehydrogenase activity is described in which iodonitrotetrazolium chloride is used as a final electron acceptor. The enzyme activity is determined by measuring the formation of formazan due to the tetrazolium salt reduction. The assay is continuous, rapid, simple, and sensitive, and may be used in the determination of enzyme activity either in tissue homogenates or as a marker of the mitochondrial fraction in cell fractionation procedures[2].
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| Cell Assay |
In this study, a visually indicating bacteria sensor (VIBS) membrane is developed by implementing iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) in the polymeric membrane, for visualizing point of bacterial contamination with simplicity and reasonable sensitivity. Tetrazolium salt (INT) is used in metabolism-based assays as it is enzymatically reduced to red or purple formazan after reacting with electrons of live cells[1].
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| References |
[1]. Tetrazolium-Based Visually Indicating Bacteria Sensor for Colorimetric Detection of Point of Contamination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces . 2022 Aug 24;14(33):38153-38161.
[2]. Assay of succinate dehydrogenase activity by a colorimetric-continuous method using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride as electron acceptor. Anal Biochem . 1993 Aug 1;212(2):506-9. [3]. Validation of the in vivo Iodo-Nitro-Tetrazolium (INT) Salt Reduction Method as a Proxy for Plankton Respiration. Front. Mar. Sci. 2019, 6, 220 10.3389/fmars.2019.00220. |
| Additional Infomation |
Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride is an organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion. It has a role as a histological dye. It contains an iodonitrotetrazolium.
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| Molecular Formula |
C19H13CLIN5O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
505.6963
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| Exact Mass |
504.98
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| CAS # |
146-68-9
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| PubChem CID |
64957
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| Appearance |
Yellow to brown solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
567.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
240 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
297ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
6.76E-13mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
1.251
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
28
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| Complexity |
497
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
JORABGDXCIBAFL-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H13IN5O2.ClH/c20-15-6-8-16(9-7-15)23-21-19(14-4-2-1-3-5-14)22-24(23)17-10-12-18(13-11-17)25(26)27;/h1-13H;1H/q+1;/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazol-3-ium;chloride
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| Synonyms |
Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride; 146-68-9; Iodonitrotetrazolium; 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride; Iodonitrotetrazolium violet; INT; Iodonitrotetrazolium purple; Iodonitro tetrazolium;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~83.33 mg/mL (~164.78 mM)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.11 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9775 mL | 9.8873 mL | 19.7746 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3955 mL | 1.9775 mL | 3.9549 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1977 mL | 0.9887 mL | 1.9775 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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