| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| Targets |
Hydroxy-β-sanshool activates sensory ion channels, particularly TRPV1 and TRPA1-related pathways. By activating these channels, the compound increases neuronal calcium influx, producing the characteristic tingling, pungent, and pain-modulating somatosensory responses. The compound's effect on sensory neurons is responsible for the unique oral numbness and tingling sensation experienced when consuming Sichuan pepper. TRPV1 and TRPA1 are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family, which are involved in the detection of noxious stimuli, pain, and temperature sensation. The compound may also interact with other sensory receptors involved in chemesthetic perception. Its effects on salivation and salivary proteome composition are attributed to the activation of these sensory pathways.
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| ln Vitro |
Hydroxy-β-sanshool is the main aromatic ingredient and a potential indicator for differentiating fruits with Han origin from those with other origins [2]. The salivary flow is stimulated by 5 mM of hydroxy-β-sanshool [3].
In vitro, Hydroxy-β-sanshool has been studied for its effects on sensory perception and salivation. At a concentration of 5 mM, the compound stimulates saliva flow. This effect is thought to be mediated through activation of sensory nerve endings in the oral cavity. The compound can be used in studies investigating the stimulus- and time-dependent influence of dietary chemosensates on salivation and salivary proteome composition. It serves as a key pungent compound and a potential marker for geographic origin authentication of Zanthoxylum fruits. In cell-based assays, the compound activates TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels expressed in heterologous systems, and this activation can be measured using calcium imaging or electrophysiological techniques. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Hydroxy-β-sanshool produces the characteristic oral numbness and tingling sensation associated with Sichuan pepper consumption. The compound has been studied for its effects on salivary secretion and the composition of salivary proteins in animal models. Its activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels in sensory neurons modulates pain perception and may have implications for pain management. The compound's pungent properties make it a useful tool for studying chemesthetic perception and the neural pathways involved in somatosensation. However, detailed in vivo pharmacological studies beyond sensory effects are limited.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro receptor/channel binding studies, Hydroxy-β-sanshool can be evaluated using electrophysiological techniques to measure its effects on TRPV1 and TRPA1 ion channels. Cells expressing these channels are subjected to patch-clamp recordings in the presence of varying concentrations of the compound. The compound-induced currents are measured to determine its potency and efficacy at activating these channels. Calcium imaging assays using fluorescent calcium indicators (e.g., Fura-2, Fluo-4) can also be used to measure the compound's effects on intracellular calcium levels in sensory neurons or cells expressing TRP channels. The compound's binding affinity to TRPV1 and TRPA1 can be determined using radioligand binding assays with appropriate labeled ligands.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, sensory neurons or heterologous cells expressing TRPV1 or TRPA1 channels are cultured in appropriate media. Cells are seeded in 96-well or 384-well plates and loaded with fluorescent calcium indicators. Hydroxy-β-sanshool is added at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 μM), and changes in fluorescence are measured using a fluorescence plate reader. The EC₅₀ for channel activation is determined from concentration-response curves. For studies on salivary secretion, salivary gland cells or tissues are cultured and treated with the compound, and amylase or mucin secretion is measured. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or LDH release assays. The compound's effects on cell viability and inflammatory markers can also be evaluated.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, Hydroxy-β-sanshool is typically administered orally or applied topically to the oral mucosa. In rodent models, the compound's effects on salivation are measured by collecting saliva following administration and quantifying saliva volume and protein content. Pain models (e.g., formalin test, hot plate test) are used to evaluate the compound's effects on pain perception through TRPV1/TRPA1 activation. The compound can also be administered to study its effects on gastrointestinal motility and visceral sensation, as TRP channels are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. Behavioral responses to the compound's pungent properties are assessed using conditioned place aversion or taste reactivity tests.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Hydroxy-β-sanshool are not extensively characterized in the literature. As a small lipophilic alkylamide, the compound is expected to be well absorbed after oral administration and to cross biological membranes readily. The compound may undergo metabolism in the liver, including oxidation and conjugation reactions. Its presence in the oral cavity following consumption of Sichuan pepper suggests rapid release from the food matrix and absorption through the oral mucosa. Detailed parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution have not been reported and would require dedicated pharmacokinetic studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Hydroxy-β-sanshool is generally recognized as safe as a natural component of food. It is consumed daily in many cuisines as part of Sichuan pepper and has no known significant toxicity at typical dietary levels. However, high concentrations may cause irritation to the oral mucosa and gastrointestinal tract. The compound should be handled with caution in the laboratory, as it may cause skin and eye irritation. Comprehensive toxicological studies have not been published, but the long history of safe consumption of Zanthoxylum species suggests a favorable safety profile.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Reports have indicated that hydroxy-β-sanshool has been found in Sichuan peppercorns and black peppercorns, and relevant data are available for reference.
Hydroxy-β-sanshool is primarily used as a research tool in sensory science and food chemistry. It is the key pungent compound in Sichuan pepper and a potential marker for geographic origin authentication. The compound is valuable for studying chemesthetic perception, including the mechanisms of tingling, numbing, and pungent sensations. Its activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels makes it useful for investigating pain pathways and sensory transduction. The compound is also studied for its effects on salivation and salivary proteome composition. It has no therapeutic approval status and is not used as a drug. It is commercially available as a high-purity reference standard for research purposes. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H25NO2
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| Molecular Weight |
263.3752
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| Exact Mass |
263.188
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| CAS # |
97465-69-5
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| PubChem CID |
10220912
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| Appearance |
White to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
0.973 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
471.5±45.0℃ at 760 mmHg
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| LogP |
2.8
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
363
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C/C=C/C=C/C=C/CC/C=C/C(=O)NCC(C)(C)O
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| InChi Key |
LHFKHAVGGJJQFF-UMYNZBAMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-15(18)17-14-16(2,3)19/h4-9,12-13,19H,10-11,14H2,1-3H3,(H,17,18)/b5-4+,7-6+,9-8+,13-12+
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| Chemical Name |
(2E,6E,8E,10E)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)dodeca-2,6,8,10-tetraenamide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~189.84 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (4.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (4.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7968 mL | 18.9840 mL | 37.9680 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7594 mL | 3.7968 mL | 7.5936 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3797 mL | 1.8984 mL | 3.7968 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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