| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
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Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Homovanillic acid is a metabolite and does not have a direct pharmacological target. It is used as a biomarker for dopamine metabolism. Elevated levels of homovanillic acid may indicate increased dopamine turnover, which can be seen in conditions such as pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and certain psychiatric disorders. Decreased levels may be seen in Parkinson's disease and with the use of MAO inhibitors.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, homovanillic acid is used as a standard in analytical chemistry for the quantification of dopamine metabolites. It can be measured in cell culture media, tissue extracts, and biological fluids using HPLC, LC-MS, or electrochemical detection. It is not typically used for biological activity assays.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, homovanillic acid is present in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Its concentration reflects dopamine turnover in the brain and periphery. It is used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for conditions affecting dopamine metabolism. It is excreted in the urine and can be measured to assess catecholamine activity.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular assays, homovanillic acid is used as a standard for analytical method development and validation. It can be used in enzyme assays to measure the activity of MAO and COMT, where the production of homovanillic acid from dopamine or other substrates is quantified. It can be used in electrochemical detection methods.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, cells that produce dopamine (such as neuronal cell lines) can be cultured, and homovanillic acid can be measured in the culture media as a marker of dopamine metabolism. The effects of drugs or toxins on dopamine turnover can be assessed by measuring changes in homovanillic acid levels.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, homovanillic acid levels can be measured in plasma, urine, and brain tissue to assess dopamine turnover. Animal models of Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and other disorders affecting dopamine metabolism can be studied. The effects of drugs on dopamine metabolism can be evaluated by measuring homovanillic acid levels.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties include solubility in water and organic solvents. It is a small molecule and is readily excreted in the urine. It is a metabolite and is not typically administered as a drug. Storage is typically at -20°C. It is a solid and should be handled with standard laboratory precautions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for homovanillic acid is limited. As a naturally occurring metabolite, it is generally considered safe. No significant toxicity has been reported. It is not for human use in research settings.
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| Additional Infomation |
Hovanillic acid is a monocarboxylic acid, a 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a metabolite of catecholamines. It is present in humans and mice. It belongs to the guaiacol class of compounds and is a monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is the conjugate acid of homovanillic acid. Hovanillic acid has been reported in African aloe, humans, and other organisms with relevant data. Hovanillic acid is a monocarboxylic acid and a metabolite of catecholamines. Hovanillic acid can serve as a marker for metabolic stress, smoking, or catecholamine-secreting tumors (such as neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma). Hovanillic acid is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. See also: sweet potato leaves (partial).
Homovanillic acid is a major metabolite of dopamine and a clinical biomarker for dopamine turnover. It is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and psychiatric disorders. It is formed by MAO and COMT action on dopamine. It is a catecholamine metabolite and a phenolic acid. |
| Molecular Formula |
C9H10O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
182.1733
|
| Exact Mass |
182.057
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| CAS # |
306-08-1
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| PubChem CID |
1738
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| Appearance |
White to light brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
368.7±27.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
142-145 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
151.9±17.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.573
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| LogP |
0.47
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
13
|
| Complexity |
181
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
QRMZSPFSDQBLIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H10O4/c1-13-8-4-6(5-9(11)12)2-3-7(8)10/h2-4,10H,5H2,1H3,(H,11,12)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~548.94 mM)
H2O : ~8.33 mg/mL (~45.73 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 20 mg/mL (109.79 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.4894 mL | 27.4469 mL | 54.8938 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0979 mL | 5.4894 mL | 10.9788 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5489 mL | 2.7447 mL | 5.4894 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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