Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
... Mice/orally administered 20 mg Hexylene glycol daily in 2 mL whole milk for up to 81 days... Approximately 40% of Hexylene glycol is excreted in the urine, but only 4% of this is free Hexylene glycol; the remaining 36% is conjugated with glucuronic acid. ... Poorly absorbed through the skin... ... Primarily excreted in the urine, with a portion (20-25%) excreted as conjugated forms. ... Oral administration of Hexylene glycol to rats and rabbits significantly increased plasma and urinary hexuronate levels. ... For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediols (8 in total), please visit the HSDB records page.

---

Metabolism/Metabolites ... In five subjects... Free and conjugated Hexylene glycol was detected in the urine after single or multiple oral administrations. ...
Feeding rabbits with (14) C-Hexylene glycol...the urine contained seven metabolites, including Hexylene glycol glucuronide (46% of the dose), unmetabolized Hexylene glycol (2.5%), diacetone alcohol (1.4%), and an unidentified glucuronide that may be a conjugate of diacetone alcohol. ...After incubation with rat liver slices, it was converted to diacetone alcohol.
...Oral administration of Hexylene glycol to rats and rabbits resulted in a significant increase in hexuronic acid content in plasma and urine.
Studies also showed that approximately 40% of Hexylene glycol is present in urine, but only 4% of excreted Hexylene glycol is free. The remaining 36% is bound to uronic acid.

---

Biological half-life
...After a single oral (gavage) dose of 590 mg/kg of Hexylene glycol in male Sprague-Dawley rats...t1/2 21.2 hours

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Hexylene glycol is a colorless liquid used as a chemical intermediate, a selective solvent in petroleum refining, a component of hydraulic fluids, an ink solvent, a cement additive, and a cosmetic ingredient. Human Exposure and Toxicity: Five subjects took 37 grams of Hexylene glycol orally daily for 24 consecutive days (estimated daily dose of 14-28 mg/kg body weight). No subjective symptoms attributable to Hexylene glycol intake were reported; urinary parameters were also normal. In another study, most subjects could smell Hexylene glycol after 15 minutes of exposure to 50 ppm in the air, with a few experiencing eye irritation. At 100 ppm, the odor was milder, and some subjects experienced nasal irritation and respiratory discomfort. At 1000 ppm (4840 mg/m³), it caused eye, nose, throat irritation, and respiratory discomfort. Furthermore, there have been reports of severe contact urticaria, similar to an allergic reaction, accompanied by systemic symptoms, following the use of topical corticosteroids containing Hexylene glycol as an excipient. Of the 823 eczema patients treated with 30% or 50% aqueous solutions, 23 developed swelling and redness during a 48-hour patch test. Animal toxicity studies: Clinical symptoms of acute Hexylene glycol poisoning in animals primarily manifested as central nervous system depression, including reduced activity, muscle incoordination and flaccidity, eyelid closure, piloerection, anesthesia, and numbness. Mice administered 20 mg of Hexylene glycol (dissolved in 2 ml of whole milk) orally daily for 81 consecutive days showed only mild renal abnormalities in a few mice. Rats administered Hexylene glycol (dissolved in milk) orally for 4 months at average daily doses of 98 mg and 150 mg showed no growth retardation, liver or testicular histopathological changes, but mild renal changes were observed. The study also found that approximately 40% of Hexylene glycol is excreted in the urine, but only 4% is free ethylene glycol, with the remaining 36% conjugated with glucuronic acid. In another study, Sprague Dawley rats were administered Hexylene glycol by gavage for 90 consecutive days at doses of 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg/day. This study used a functional observational (FOB) group for assessment, and no neurotoxicity was observed. At a dose of 450 mg/kg/day, hepatocyte hypertrophy and increased liver weight were observed in both male and female rats; at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day, these phenomena were observed only in male rats. Since no degenerative or necrotic changes were observed, this was considered an adaptive response to increased metabolic demand. At doses of 150 and 450 mg/kg/day, renal histopathological changes (increased incidence and severity of eosinophils in the renal tubular epithelium) and increased kidney weight were observed only in male rats, suggesting possible α-2-microglobulin nephropathy, a diagnosis that was subsequently confirmed. No adverse effects on other organs, including reproductive organs, were observed. Compared to the control group, male rats administered Hexylene glycol orally at an average dose of 148 to 190 mg/day for 130 consecutive days showed no alteration in fertility. Rat developmental studies revealed increased mortality and reduced weight gain in pups at a dose of 1000 mg/kg/day. Ames tests for Hexylene glycol against Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, and TA 100 were all negative, regardless of activation status. Ecotoxicity studies: The aquatic toxicity of Hexylene glycol to sea urchin embryos (Arbacia punctulata) was assessed by inhibiting the incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine after transient exposure to the toxic chemical. In preliminary studies using compounds including Hexylene glycol, results accurately predicted reduced survival and delayed morphological development 48 hours after exposure.

---

Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat)> 310 mg/m3/1h

---

Non-human Toxicity Values
LD50 Guinea Pig Oral 2600 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit Skin > 5 g/kg
LD50 Rabbit Skin 12300 mg/kg
LD50 Rat Skin > 2000 mg/kg
For more complete non-human toxicity data for 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (7 types in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hexylene glycol is a colorless, oily liquid with a slightly sweet taste. It floats on water and mixes slowly. (USCG, 1999)
2-Methylpentane-2,4-diol is a diol in which the two hydroxyl groups are located at the 2 and 4 positions of 2-methylpentane (isopentane), respectively.
Hexylene glycol has been reported to be present in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and relevant data exist.
Mechanism of Action
Some effects of gravity on early morphogenesis are related to the position of intracellular microtubules. During the first cleavage of the embryo of Ilyanassa obsoleta, the polar lobes briefly contract and then relax, allowing the polar lobe to fuse with a daughter cell. If the polar lobes are equally divided or removed, morphogenesis is severely disrupted. To investigate the position of microtubules during early development of Ilyanassa obsoleta, we fixed and stained eggs during the first cleavage to detect polymerized α-tubulins. Mitotic apparatus assembles at the animal pole. The splitting furrows form between the stellates, contracting to form stable intercellular bridges surrounding microtubules bound to the mesosomes; while the polar lobes contract below and parallel to the spindle, contracting to form transient intercellular bridges that do not contain any detectable microtubules. During metaphase of mitosis, α-tubulin epitopes are distributed throughout the spindle, while β-tubulin epitopes are primarily found in the stellates. During mitosis, incubation of cells with Hexylene glycol (a drug that promotes microtubule polymerization) causes the polar lobes to contract and tighten, encapsulating the polymerized α-tubulin and maintaining a stable contracted state. If Hexylene glycol is removed, the α-tubulin staining at the polar lobe contraction disappears, the polar lobe contraction relaxes, and the microtubules remain in the splitting furrows, which remain contracted. These observations suggest that the asymmetric distribution of microtubules influences the early cell division pattern in Ilyanasa larvae, and that the continuous extension of microtubules across the intercellular bridges is crucial for the stability of the bridge contraction before cytokinesis. These data lay the foundation for further analysis of the role of microtubules in the possible interference of microgravity in the development of Ilyanasa larvae.

C6H14O2

118.17

118.099

107-41-5

Hexylene glycol-d12;284474-72-2

7870

Colorless to light yellow liquid

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

197.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

−40 °C(lit.)

93.9±0.0 °C

0.1±0.8 mmHg at 25°C

1.447

0.3

2

2

2

8

68.9

0

CC(O)(C)CC(O)C

SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H14O2/c1-5(7)4-6(2,3)8/h5,7-8H,4H2,1-3H3

2-methylpentane-2,4-diol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~846.24 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~846.24 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

---

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

---

View More

Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

---

Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (846.24 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)