Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
... Mice /were fed hexylene glycol/ orally 20 mg/day in 2 mL of whole milk for up to 81 days ... . approximately 40% of the hexylene glycol was accounted for in the urine, but only 4% of the amount excreted was free glycol; the other 36% was conjugated with glycuronic acid.
... Not readily absorbed through the skin ... .
Eliminated in urine, partly (20-25%) in conjugated forms.
... Oral administration of hexylene glycol to rats & rabbits resulted in a substantial increase in the amt of hexuronates in the plasma & in the urine.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2-METHYL-2,4-PENTANEDIOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
...Five human subjects ... /had/ both free & conjugated hexylene glycol in the urine after single or repeated oral doses. ...
(14)C-hexylene glycol fed to rabbits... urine contained 7 metabolites incl glucuronide of hexylene glycol (46% of dose), unchanged hexylene glycol (2.5%), diacetone alcohol (1.4%) & an unidentified glucuronide which could be conjugate of diacetone alcohol. ...Converted into diacetone alc by incubation with rat liver slices.
... Oral administration of hexylene glycol to rats & rabbits resulted in a substantial increase in the amt of hexuronates in the plasma & in the urine.
It was also shown that approximately 40% of the hexylene glycol was accounted for in the urine, but only 4% of the amount excreted was free glycol; the other 36% was conjugated with glycuronic acid.

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Biological Half-Life
...after a single oral (gavage) administration of Hexylene glycol at the dose-level of 590 mg/kg to male Sprague-Dawley rats ...t1/2 21.2 hr

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hexylene glycol is a colorless liquid used as a chemical intermediate, a selective solvent in petroleum refining, a component of hydraulic fluids, a solvent for inks, a cement additive, and in cosmetics. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Five human subjects given oral doses of 37 g of hexylene glycol daily for 24 days (estimated daily dosage 14-28 mg/kg body weight) reported no subjective symptoms that could be attributed to the intake of hexylene glycol; no alterations in urine parameters were detected. In another study, most subjects exposed for 15 min to 50 ppm of hexylene glycol in the air were able to detect the odor and a few noted eye irritation. At a concentration of 100 ppm, the odor was plain and some noted nasal irritation and respiratory discomfort. At 1000 ppm (4840 mg/cu m), there was irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and respiratory discomfort. Additionally, a case of severe contact urticaria with systemic involvement resembling an anaphylactic reaction, following the application of a topical corticosteroid formulated with hexylene glycol as an excipient has been reported. Swelling and redness were seen in 23 out of 823 eczema patients who were treated with a 30% or 50% aqueous solution in a 48-hr covered patch test. ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: The clinical signs observed in animals acutely intoxicated with hexylene glycol are predominately of central nervous system (CNS) depression and include decreased activity, muscle incoordination and flaccidity, palpebral closure, piloerection, narcosis and anesthesia. Mice were fed hexylene glycol orally 20 mg/day in 2 mL of whole milk for up to 81 days and only minor effects were found in the kidneys of a few animals. None of the rats that were fed hexylene glycol in milk for 4 months at the average rate of 98 and 150 mg/day showed adverse effects in growth nor were there histopathologic changes in the liver and testes, but there were minor changes in the kidneys. It was also shown that approximately 40% of the hexylene glycol was accounted for in the urine, but only 4% of the amount excreted was free glycol; the other 36% was conjugated with glycuronic acid. In another study, hexylene glycol was administered by oral gavage for 90 days to Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/day. This study included a functional observational battery (FOB), which gave no evidence of neurotoxic effects. Hepatocellular hypertrophy coupled with increased liver weight was observed at 450 mg/kg/day in both sexes and in males only at 150 mg/kg/day. In the absence of degenerative or necrotic change this was considered an adaptive response to increased metabolic demand. At 150 and 450 mg/kg/day kidney histopathology (higher incidence and severity of acidophilic globules in the tubular epithelium) and increased kidney weights observed in male rats only are suggestive of male rat specific alpha-2-microglobulin nephropathy, which was subsequently confirmed. There were no adverse effects on other organs including the reproductive organs. The fertility of male rats given an average oral dose of 148 to 190 mg/day of hexylene glycol for 130 days was unchanged when compared to that of the control group. Developmental study in rats found increased pup mortality and reduced body weight gain at 1000 mg/kg/day. Hexylene glycol produced negative Ames test results for Salmonella Typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, TA 100 with and without activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Aquatic toxicity was evaluated in the sea urchin embryo (Arbacia punctulata) by the inhibition of tritiated thymidine incorporation after a brief exposure to toxic chemicals. In preliminary trials, using compounds including hexylene glycol, results accurately predicted reduced survival and morphological delay after 48 hr exposures.

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Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) > 310 mg/m3/1h

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Guinea pig oral 2600 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit dermal > 5 g/kg
LD50 Rabbit dermal 12300 mg/kg
LD50 Rat dermal > 2000 mg/kg
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-METHYL-2,4-PENTANEDIOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hexylene glycol is an oily colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. Floats and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)
2-methylpentane-2,4-diol is a glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).
Hexylene glycol has been reported in Nicotiana tabacum with data available.

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Mechanism of Action
Some effects of gravity on early morphogenesis are correlated with microtubule locations within cells. During first cleavage in Ilyanassa obsoleta embryos, a transitory polar lobe constriction forms and then relaxes, allowing the polar lobe to merge with one daughter cell. If the polar lobe is equally divided or removed, morphogenesis is severely disrupted. To examine microtuble locations during early Ilyanassa development, eggs were fixed and stained for polymerized alpha-tubulin during first cleavage. The mitotic apparatus assembles at the animal pole. The cleavage furrow forms between the asters, constricting to a stabilized intercellular bridge encircling midbody-bound microtubules, whereas the polar lobe constriction forms below and parallel to the spindle, constricting to a transitory intercellular bridge encircling no detectable microtubules. At metaphase an alpha-tubulin epitope is distributed throughout the spindle, whereas a beta-tubulin epitope is present predominantly in the asters. Incubation in hexylene glycol, a drug that increases microtubule polymerization, during mitosis causes the polar lobe constriction to tighten around polymerized alpha-tubulin and remain stably constricted. If hexylene glycol is removed, alpha-tubulin staining disappears from the polar lobe constriction, which relaxes, whereas microtubules remain in the cleavage furrow, which remains constricted. These observations suggest that asymmetric distribution of microtubules affects early Ilyanassa cleavage patterns, and that continued presence of microtubules extending through an intercellular bridge is important for stabilization of the bridge constriction prior to completion of cytokinesis. These data provide the basis for further analysis of the role of microtubules in possible microgravity disruptions of Ilyanassa development.

C6H14O2

118.17

118.099

107-41-5

Hexylene glycol-d12;284474-72-2

7870

Colorless to light yellow liquid

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

197.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

−40 °C(lit.)

93.9±0.0 °C

0.1±0.8 mmHg at 25°C

1.447

0.3

2

2

2

8

68.9

0

CC(O)(C)CC(O)C

SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H14O2/c1-5(7)4-6(2,3)8/h5,7-8H,4H2,1-3H3

2-methylpentane-2,4-diol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~846.24 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~846.24 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.16 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (846.24 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)